| 1 | | id | url | title | text |
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| 2 | 878 | 3661 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon | Photon | Photons (from Greek φως, meaning light), in many atomic models in physics, are particles which transmit light. In other words, light is carried over space by photons. Photon is an elementary particle that is its own antiparticle. In quantum mechanics each photon has a characteristic quantum of energy that depends on frequency: A photon associated with light at a higher frequency will have more energy (and be associated with light at a shorter wavelength).
Photons have a rest mass of 0 (zero). However, Einstein's theory of relativity says that they do have a certain amount of momentum. Before the photon got its name, Einstein revived the proposal that light is separate pieces of energy (particles). These particles came to be known as photons.
A photon is usually given the symbol γ (gamma),
Properties
Photons are fundamental particles. Although they can be created and destroyed, their lifetime is infinite.
In a vacuum, all photons move at the speed of light, c, which is equal to 299,792,458 meters (approximately 300,000 kilometers) per second.
A photon has a given frequency, which determines its color. Radio technology makes great use of frequency. Beyond the visible range, frequency is less discussed, for example it is little used in distinguishing between X-Ray photons and infrared. Frequency is equivalent to the quantum energy of the photon, as related by the Planck constant equation,
,
where is the photon's energy, is the Plank constant, and is the frequency of the light associated with the photon. This frequency, , is typically measured in cycles per second, or equivalently, in Hz. The quantum energy of different photons is often used in cameras, and other machines that use visible and higher than visible radiation. This because these photons are energetic enough to ionize atoms.
Another property of a photon is its wavelength. The frequency , wavelength , and speed of light are related by the equation,
,
where (lambda) is the wavelength, or length of the wave (typically measured in meters.)
Another important property of a photon is its polarity. If you saw a giant photon coming straight at you, it could appear as a swath whipping vertically, horizontally, or somewhere in between. Polarized sunglasses stop photons swinging up and down from passing. This is how they reduce glare as light bouncing off of surfaces tend to fly that way. Liquid crystal displays also use polarity to control which light passes through. Some animals can see light polarization.
Finally, a photon has a property called spin. Spin is related to light's circular polarization.
Photon interactions with matter
Light is often created or absorbed when an electron gains or loses energy. This energy can be in the form of heat, kinetic energy, or other form. For example, an incandescent light bulb uses heat. The increase of energy can push an electron up one level in a shell called a "valence". This makes it unstable, and like everything, it wants to be in the lowest energy state. (If being in the lowest energy state is confusing, pick up a pencil and drop it. Once on the ground, the pencil will be in a lower energy state). When the electron drops back down to a lower energy state, it needs to release the energy that hit it, and it must obey the conservation of energy (energy can neither be created nor destroyed). Electrons release this energy as photons, and at higher intensities, this photon can be seen as visible light.
Photons and the electromagnetic force
In particle physics, photons are responsible for electromagnetic force. Electromagnetism is an idea that combines electricity with magnetism. One common way that we experience electromagnetism in our daily lives is light, which is caused by electromagnetism. Electromagnetism is also responsible for charge, which is the reason that you can not push your hand through a table. Since photons are the force-carrying particle of electromagnetism, they are also gauge bosons. Some matter–called dark matter–is not believed to be affected by electromagnetism. This would mean that dark matter does not have a charge, and does not give off light.
Related pages
Particle physics
Basic physics ideas
Electromagnetism
Light
Elementary particles |
| 3 | 2425 | 7796 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Dolby | Thomas Dolby | Thomas Dolby (born Thomas Morgan Robertson; 14 October 1958) is a British musican and computer designer. He is probably most famous for his 1982 hit, "She Blinded me with Science".
He married actress Kathleen Beller in 1988. The couple have three children together.
Discography
Singles
A Track did not chart in North America until 1983, after the success of "She Blinded Me With Science".
Albums
Studio albums
EPs
References
English musicians
Living people
1958 births
New wave musicians
Warner Bros. Records artists |
| 4 | 18059 | 67912 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embroidery | Embroidery | Embroidery is the art of decorating fabric or other materials with designs stitched in strands of thread or yarn using a needle. Embroidery may also incorporate other materials such as metal strips, pearls, beads, quills, and sequins. Sewing machines can be used to create machine embroidery.
Qualifications
City and Guilds qualification in Embroidery allows embroiderers to become recognized for their skill. This qualification also gives them the credibility to teach. For example, the notable textiles artist, Kathleen Laurel Sage, began her teaching career by getting the City and Guilds Embroidery 1 and 2 qualifications. She has now gone on to write a book on the subject.
References
Other websites
The Crimson Thread of Kinship at the National Museum of Australia
Needlework |
| 5 | 12045 | 44309 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecutive%20integer | Consecutive integer | Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers. In a set of consecutive numbers, the mean and the median are equal.
If n is a number, then the next numbers will be n+1 and n+2.
Examples
Consecutive numbers that follow each other in order:
1, 2, 3, 4, 5
-3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13
Consecutive even numbers
Consecutive even numbers are even numbers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.
If n is an even integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive even numbers.
For example - 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,18 etc.
Consecutive odd numbers
Consecutive odd numbers are odd numbers that follow each other. Like consecutive odd numbers, they have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.
If n is an odd integer, then n, n+2, n+4 and n+6 will be consecutive odd numbers.
Examples
3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc.
−23, −21, −19, −17, −15, -13, -11
Integers |
| 6 | 11477 | 41741 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/German%20Empire | German Empire | The German Empire ("Deutsches Reich" or "Deutsches Kaiserreich" in the German language) is the name for a group of German countries from January 18, 1871 to November 9, 1918. This is from the Unification of Germany when Wilhelm I of Prussia was made German Kaiser to when the third Emperor Wilhelm II was removed from power at the end of the First World War. In the 1920s, German nationalists started to call it the "Second Reich".
The name of Germany was "Deutsches Reich" until 1945. "Reich" can mean many things, empire, kingdom, state, "richness" or "wealth". Most members of the Empire were previously members of the North German Confederation.
At different times, there were three groups of smaller countries, each group was later called a "Reich" by some Germans. The first was the Holy Roman Empire. The second was the German Empire. The third was the Third Reich.
The words "Second Reich" were used for the German Empire by Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, a nationalist writer in the 1920s. He was trying to make a link with the earlier Holy Roman Empire which had once been very strong. Germany had lost First World War and was suffering big problems. van den Bruck wanted to start a "Third Reich" to unite the country. These words were later used by the Nazis to make themselves appear stronger.
States in the Empire
Related pages
Germany
Holy Roman Empire
Nazi Germany, or "Drittes Reich"
1870s establishments in Germany
States and territories disestablished in the 20th century
States and territories established in the 19th century
1871 establishments in Europe
1918 disestablishments in Germany |
| 7 | 6992 | 22079 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman%20%28city%29 | Batman (city) | Batman is a city in southeast Turkey. It is the capital (city) of the province with the same name. In 2010, 325,000 people lived there. There are many Kurds in that area. The area has much oil and gas.
There is a railway track at Kurtalan, near this city. The track runs all the way to Istanbul. There is also an airport near Batman. The name is short for the Bati Raman mountains.
Other websites
Batman Municipality
Batman |
| 8 | 15453 | 58831 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20of%20Acre | Joan of Acre | Joan of Acre (April 1272 – 7 April, 1307) was a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290).
English royalty
1272 births
1307 deaths |
| 9 | 4347 | 13528 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Series%20of%20Unfortunate%20Events | A Series of Unfortunate Events | A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of 13 books written for children by the author Lemony Snicket. They tell the story of three unlucky orphans (Violet Baudelaire, Klaus Baudelaire, and Sunny Baudelaire) and their lives after the death of their parents. The main villain of the books is Count Olaf who wants to steal Baudelaires' inheritance (the money their parents left behind). Count Olaf uses many disguises to get their fortune.
In other media
In 2004, there was a movie version, "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events," from Paramount Pictures and Nickelodeon movies, starring Jim Carrey as Count Olaf.
In 2012, a new series from Lemony Snicket named All the Wrong Questions was written. The series tells the story of Lemony Snicket, a member of a group named V.F.D which is an important part of the series, when he was a child.
In 2016, the series was broadcast through Netflix (children's section).
Other websites
Lemony Snicket's website
Children's books
2004 movies
Paramount movies
Black comedy |
| 10 | 9297 | 31891 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Kagame | Paul Kagame | Paul Kagame (born October 23, 1957) is the President of Rwanda.
Though a member of the Tutsi ethnic group, he tends to downplay the importance of his ethnicity. He is responsible for ending the Rwandan Genocide. However, he is often seen as a dictator, and has a bad human rights record.
1957 births
Living people
African Union chairpersons
Rwandan people
Dictators
Presidents (government) |
| 11 | 16565 | 63506 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg%20White | Meg White | Meg White was born on December 10, 1974 in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. She is an American drummer and vocalist. She is one half of The White Stripes with her ex-husband Jack White.
Meg's playful yet simple style of drumming has drawn so much debate about her ability that is referenced in the movie School of Rock. In reference to her simple approach to drumming, Meg said "That is my strength. A lot of drummers would feel weird about being that simplistic."
1974 births
Living people
Singers from Michigan
American drummers
Musicians from Michigan
American rock musicians
American blues musicians |
| 12 | 5705 | 18534 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucket | Bucket | A bucket is a container with a wide open top and a handle that is mainly used for carrying liquids. In some cases, solids may also be carried in a bucket (like sand which is hard to carry in your hands).
Some buckets are used for work, and some more for leisure, as seen here . A bucket used for work is often made of a strong material such as iron or steel and is used to carry things like coal or soil. A bucket used for leisure, e.g. for making sandcastles, is normally made of plastic.
In rare cases, a bucket may be worn as a piece of clothing, people may wear a bucket on their heads for humorous reasons. Buckethead is a famous example of this.
Basic English 850 words |
| 13 | 9459 | 32330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic%20Revolution | Islamic Revolution | The Islamic Revolution occurred in 1979 in the Muslim-majority country of Iran. Islamist revolutionaries opposed the western secular policies of the authoritarian Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi.
Supporters of Ayatollah Khomeini organized protests against the authoritarian government of the Shah. Khomeini became the new Leader of Iran. 98.2% of the Iranian voters voted "yes" in a referendum for the creation of the Islamic Republic of Iran under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini (also known as Imam Khomeini). It replaced an monarchy with a theocratic republic. The West claims that the republic is authoritarian.
Shortly after the revolution, Iraq, under the dictatorship of Saddam Hussein, invaded Iran and started a war that ended in 1988, with neither side getting anything. The war is known as the Iran–Iraq War.
Impact
Many Iranians were forced into exile by the revolution.
Estimates of the number of Iranians who died during the war with Iraq and the riots with the Shah's forces vary from 3,000 to 60,000. The number executed by orders of the Revolutionary Courts is often estimated at 8,000.
During the revolution, 52 Americans were held hostage after being seized at the US embassy.
Related pages
Russian Revolution
References
History of Islam
1970s in Iran
Revolutions
Rebellions in Asia
20th century rebellions
1979 |
| 14 | 15396 | 58490 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1492%20Pictures | 1492 Pictures | 1492 Pictures is an American movie production company founded by director Chris Columbus in 1995. The name is a play on Columbus's more famous namesake, Christopher Columbus.
In addition to various Columbus movies, 1492 Pictures has produced movies by other directors including Brian Levant (Jingle All the Way), Henry Selick (Monkeybone), Alfonso Cuarón (Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban), Joe Roth (Christmas with the Kranks), Tim Story (the Fantastic Four films), and Shawn Levy (the Night at the Museum films). The logo music was composed by Academy award winner Hans Zimmer.
Movies
Nine Months (1995)
Jingle All the Way (1996)
Stepmom (1998)
Bicentennial Man (1999)
Monkeybone (2001)
Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001)
Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)
Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004)
Christmas with the Kranks (2004)
Rent (2005)
Fantastic Four (2005)
Night at the Museum (2006)
Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer (2007)
Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian (2009)
I Love You, Beth Cooper (2009)
Percy Jackson and the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010)
Upcoming movies
Fantastic Four (TBA)
Night at the Museum 3 (TBA)
Dilbert (2012)
Other websites
1492 Pictures at the Internet Movie Database
Movie studios
1995 establishments in the United States |
| 15 | 20902 | 80387 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2006%20S%201 | S/2006 S 1 | S/2006 S 1 is an unnamed moon of Saturn. Its discovery was announced by Scott S. Sheppard, David C. Jewitt, Jan Kleyna, and Brian G. Marsden on June 26, 2006, from observations taken between January 4 and April 30, 2006.
S/2006 S 1 is about 6 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Saturn at an average distance of 18,930,200 km in 972.407 days, at an inclination of 154.2° to the ecliptic (175.4° to Saturn's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.1303.
References
Institute for Astronomy Saturn Satellite Data
IAUC 8727: Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 30 (discovery)
MPEC 2006-M45: Eight New Satellites of Saturn 2006 June 26 (discovery and ephemeris)
Saturn's moons |
| 16 | 4902 | 15525 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpool | Blackpool | Blackpool is a seaside town in Lancashire, in the north west of England. The town is on the coast of the Irish Sea. Blackpool had a population of 142,283 as of the 2001 census.
Blackpool became important for tourism during the 19th century. It is known for its beaches and amusement parks. It is also the home to a famous international ballroom dancing competition.
References
Blackpool |
| 17 | 17699 | 66941 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Seymour%20%28actress%29 | Jane Seymour (actress) | Jane Seymour OBE (born Joyce Penelope Wilhelmina Frankenberg on 15 February 1951) is an English actress. Her father was a Jew from England whose family was from Poland. Her mother was a Dutch Protestant. Seymour is known as the co-star of the James Bond movie Live and Let Die and star of the TV series and movie Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman.
Famous movies
Live and Let Die (1973)
Sinbad and the Eye of the Tiger (1977)
Battlestar Galactica (1978)
Somewhere in Time (1980)
The Scarlet Pimpernel (1982)
Lassiter (1983)
Head Office (1985)
War and Remembrance (1988)
Wedding Crashers (2005)
Other websites
Official website
Jane Seymour cast bio on The WB
Jane Seymour: Actress, Artist, and Heart-Health Activist
Official Somewhere In Time website
Official fan website (FriendsOfJane.com)
1951 births
Living people
Actors from Middlesex
Actresses who played Bond girls
Emmy Award winning actors
English movie actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors |
| 18 | 24769 | 97031 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oleander | Oleander | Oleander, Nerium oleander, is a poisonous shrub. It is commonly used in gardens because of its pink colored flowers. Nerium oleander is native to northern Africa, the eastern Mediterranean basin and southeast Asia. Oleander prefers dry, warm climates and may naturalize in such areas. Recently, scientific studies on cardenolide oleandrin show that it may be used to prevent mutagenesis.
References
Gentianales
Shrubs |
| 19 | 3221 | 9910 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/May%2025 | May 25 |
Events
Up to 1950
567 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
240 BC – First-recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet
1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo, Spain back from the Moors.
1420 - Henry the Navigator is appointed Governor of the Order of Christ.
1524 – Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issues the Edict of Worms, which declares Martin Luther an outlaw.
1644 - Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui forms an alliance with the invading Manchus and opens the gates of the Great Wall of China at Shanhaiguan Pass, letting the Manchus through towards the capital, Beijing.
1659 – Richard Cromwell resigns as Lord Protector of England.
1809 – The South American Wars of Independence begin.
1810 – May Revolution: The Argentine War of Independence begins.
1837 - Rebels in Lower Canada (Quebec) rebel against the British for freedom.
1865 – 300 people are killed in Mobile, Alabama when an ordnance depot explodes.
1878 – The Gilbert and Sullivan comic opera H.M.S. Pinafore opens at the Opera Comique in London.
1895 – The Republic of Formosa is founded.
1895 - The playwright, novelist and poet Oscar Wilde is convicted of "Committing acts of gross indecency with other male persons" and sentenced to two years in prison.
1914 - The United Kingdom House of Commons passes the Home Rule Act of 1914 for devolution to Ireland.
1923 - A magnitude 5.7 earthquake strikes Iran, killing around 2,200 people.
1925 – John T. Scopes is indicted for teaching Evolution.
1935 – Jesse Owens of Ohio State University breaks three world records and ties one, in track and field athletics in Ann Arbor, Michigan.
1938 – Spanish Civil War: 313 people are killed in Alicante.
1946 – Abdullah I of Jordan is declared Emir by the Parliament of Transjordan.
From 1951
1953 – The US conducts its only nuclear artillery test in Nevada.
1955 – A night-time Force 5 tornado strikes the small city in Udall, Kansas, killing 80 people; it is the deadliest tornado ever to strike Kansas.
1955 – First successful climb of Kanchenjunga (8,586 metres), the third-highest mountain in the world on the India-Nepal border, by a British expedition led by Joe Brown and George Band.
1961 - The Bukit Ho Swee Fire occurs in Singapore.
1961 – John F. Kennedy announces before the United States Congress that the United States should set the target of landing a man on the Moon by the end of the 1960s decade.
1962 - In England, the new Coventry Cathedral is consecrated. The original one had been badly damaged by German bombs in World War II.
1963 – The Organisation of African Unity is founded in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
1966 - Explorer program: Explorer 32 launches.
1967 – Celtic F.C. from Glasgow, Scotland, becomes the first football team from the UK to win the European cup.
1968 - The Gateway Arch in Saint Louis, Missouri is dedicated.
1969 - Thor Heyerdahl sets off from Morocco on his Papyrus boat Ra, in an attempt to prove that America was directly settled from Africa.
1977 – Star Wars is released in theatres.
1977 - The People's Republic of China's government removes its 10-year ban on the work of William Shakespeare.
1979 – American Airlines Flight 191, a McDonnell Douglas C-10, crashes during take-off from Chicago O'Hare International Airport, killing 273 people (271 on the plane and 2 on the ground).
1979 – 6-year-old Etan Patz disappears on his way to school near his home in New York City. This becomes one of the most notorious missing-child cases in US history and leads to Ronald Reagan declaring May 25 National Missing Children's Day in 1983.
1981 – In Riyadh the Guld Cooperation Council is created between Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.
1982 – British ship HMS Coventry is sunk by Argentine forces during the Falklands War.
1985 – A cyclone in Bangladesh kills 10,000 people and many more are made homeless.
1997 – A coup in Sierra Leone removes Ahmad Tejan Kabbah and replaces him with Johnny Paul Koromah as leader.
2000 – Israel withdraws most of its army from Lebanon.
2001 – Erik Weihenmayer of Boulder, Colorado becomes the first person with a visual impairment to reach the top of Mount Everest.
2002 – China Airlines Flight 611, a Boeing 747-200, breaks apart in mid-flight and plunges into the Taiwan Strait, killing 225 people.
2002 – A train crash kills 197 people in Tenga, Mozambique.
2003 - Néstor Kirchner becomes President of Argentina.
2005 – Liverpool F.C. win the UEFA Champions League, defeating AC Milan in a penalty shoot-out.
2009 – North Korea is believed to have tested its second nuclear device.
2011 – The Oprah Winfrey Show airs for the last time.
2013 - Suspected Maoist rebels kill at least 28 people and injure 32 others in an attack on a convoy of Indian National Congress politicians in Chhattisgarh, India.
2013 - FC Bayern Munich defeat Borussia Dortmund 2-1 in the first UEFA Champions League final to be contested by two German teams.
2014 - Elections are held to the European Parliament. Far-right parties make strong gains and finish in the lead in some countries, such as Nigel Farage's UKIP (UK), Marine Le Pen's National Front (France) and Danish People's Party (Denmark). In Greece, the left-wing SYRIZA Party finishes first.
2014 - Petro Poroshenko is elected President of Ukraine.
2018 - The European Union's General Data Protection Regulation enters into force.
2018 - A referendum in the Republic of Ireland results in an-almost two-thirds majority (66.4%) voting to change the country's strict abortion laws.
Births
Up to 1900
1048 – Emperor Shenzong of China (d. 1085)
1271 – Shah Jalal of Bengal (d. 1346)
1334 – Emperor Suko of Japan (d. 1398)
1458 – Mahmud Begada, Sultan of Gujarat (d. 1511)
1572 - Maurice, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel (d. 1632)
1606 – Charles Garnier, French Jesuit missionary (d. 1649)
1661 – Claude Buffier, French philosopher and historian (d. 1737)
1677 - Françoise-Marie de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans (d. 1749)
1713 – John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, Prime Minister of Great Britain (d. 1792)
1725 – Samuel Ward, American politician (d. 1776)
1762 - Walter Leake, Governor of Mississippi (d. 1825)
1783 – Philip Pendleton Barbour, American politician (d. 1841)
1791 - Ming Mang, Vietnamese Emperor (d. 1841)
1803 – Edward Bulwer-Lytton, English novelist and playwright (d. 1873)
1803 – Ralph Waldo Emerson, American essayist and philosopher (d. 1882)
1815 - Giovanni Caselli, Italian physicist (d. 1891)
1818 - Jacob Burckhardt, Swiss historian (d. 1897)
1820 – Anne Brontë, English writer (d. 1849)
1845 – Lip Pike, baseball player (d.1883)
1846 – Princess Helena of the United Kingdom (d. 1923)
1846 – Naim Frasheri, Albanian poet and writer (d. 1900)
1848 - Johann Baptist Singenberger, Swiss composer, education and publisher (d. 1924)
1860 – James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (d. 1944)
1863 - Camille Erlanger, French composer (d. 1919)
1865 – John Mott, American YMCA leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1955)
1865 – Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1943)
1868 - Charles Hitchcock Adams, American chemist and astronomer (d. 1961)
1877 – Billy Murray, American singer (d. 1954)
1878 - Bill Robinson, American tap dancer and actor (d. 1949)
1879 – Lord Beaverbrook, English publisher (d. 1964)
1880 – Jean Alexandre Barré, French neurologist (d. 1967)
1882 – Marie Doro, American actress (d. 1956)
1883 - Carl Johan Lind, Swedish hammer thrower (d. 1965)
1886 – Philip Murray, Scottish-American labor leader (d. 1952)
1886 – Rash Behari Bose, Indian revolutionary (d. 1945)
1887 – Francesco Forgione, Italian priest (d. 1968)
1888 – Miles Malleson, English actor (d. 1969)
1889 – Igor Sikorsky, Russian inventor (d. 1972)
1897 - Gene Tunney, American boxer (d. 1978)
1898 - Bennett Cerf, American publisher (d. 1971)
1901 1950
1903 - Binnie Barnes, English-American actress and singer (d. 1998)
1907 – U Nu, Burmese politician (d. 1995)
1909 - Marie Menken, American actress, director and painter (d. 1970)
1909 - Alfred Kubel, German politician (d. 1999)
1912 – Princess Dukhye of Korea (d. 1989)
1913 – Richard Dimbleby, British journalist and broadcaster (d. 1965)
1913 - Donald Maclean, British secret agent (d. 1983)
1916 - Brian Dickinson, Canadian politician (d. 1998)
1917 - Theodore Hesburgh, American priest (d. 2015)
1918 – Claude Akins, American actor (d. 1994)
1921 – Hal David, American lyricist and songwriter (d. 2012)
1921 – Jack Steinberger, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
1921 - Giorgio Orelli, Swiss writer (d. 2013)
1922 – Enrico Berlinguer, Italian politician (d. 1984)
1922 - Kitty Kallen, American singer (d. 2016)
1924 – István Nyers, Hungarian footballer (d. 2005)
1925 – Rosario Castellanos, Mexican poet (d. 1974)
1925 – Jeanne Crain, American actress (d. 2003)
1925 - Claude Pinoteau, French screenwriter and movie director (d. 2012)
1926 - Bill Sharman, American basketball player (d. 2013)
1926 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter (d. 1991)
1927 – Robert Ludlum, writer (d. 2001)
1927 - Norman Petty, American singer-songwriter, pianist and producer (d. 1984)
1929 – Beverly Sills, American soprano (d. 2007)
1931 – Aili Jogi, Estonian anti-Communist activist (d. 2007)
1931 – Georgi Grechko, Soviet cosmonaut (d. 2017)
1931 - Herb Gray, former Deputy Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2014)
1932 – John Gregory Dunne, American writer (d. 2003)
1933 - Jógvan Sundstein, 7th Prime Minister of the Faroe Islands
1933 - Sarah Marshall, English-American actress (d. 2014)
1933 - Basdeo Panday, 5th Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
1935 – Cookie Gilchrist, American football player
1936 – Tom T. Hall, American singer and songwriter
1938 – Raymond Carver, American writer (d. 1988)
1939 – Dixie Carter, American actress (d. 2010)
1939 – Ian McKellen, English actor
1939 - Ferdinand Bracke, Belgian cyclist
1941 – Vladimir Voronin, former President of Moldova
1943 – Jessi Colter, American singer
1944 – Frank Oz, English-born puppeteer and director
1947 - Mitch Margo, American singer (The Tokens) (d. 2017)
1948 – Klaus Meine, German singer (Scorpions)
1949 – Jamaica Kincaid, Antiguan-born novelist
1951 1970
1951 - François Bayrou, French politician
1953 – Daniel Passarella, Argentine footballer
1953 - Gaetano Scirea, Italian footballer (d. 1989)
1953 – Eve Ensler, Jewish-American playwright and feminist activist
1954 - Murali, Indian actor (d. 2009)
1955 – Alistair Burt, British politician
1956 – Sugar Minott, Jamaican singer (d. 2010)
1957 – Alastair Campbell, British politician
1957 - Robert Picard, Canadian ice hockey player
1957 - Mark McGhee, Scottish footballer
1958 – Paul Weller, English musician
1959 – Julian Clary, English comedian
1959 - Vladimir Franz, Czech composer and painter
1960 - Amy Klobuchar, American politician, United States Senator from Minnesota
1960 - Anthea Turner, English television presenter
1961 - Robert Brylewski, Polish singer-songwriter (d. 2018)
1963 – Mike Myers, Canadian actor and comedian
1963 - Anne Consigny, French actress
1963 - Torsten Albig, German politician
1964 - Ivan Bella, Slovakian astronaut
1965 – Simon Fowler, English singer (Ocean Colour Scene)
1965 - Yahya Jammeh, former President of the Gambia
1966 – McLoud, Swiss composer, musician, and multimedia artist
1966 - Princess Laurentien of the Netherlands
1967 - Luc Nilis, Belgian footballer
1967 – Poppy Z. Brite, American writer
1968 – Kendall Gill, American basketball player
1969 – Anne Heche, American actress
1969 – Glen Drover, Canadian musician (Megadeth)
1970 – Jamie Kennedy, American actor
1970 - Octavia Spencer, American actress
From 1971
1971 – Sonya Smith, American actress
1972 - Karan Johar, Indian director, producer, writer and actor
1973 - Demetri Martin, American actor, comedian and musician
1973 - Molly Sims, American model and actress
1974 - Dougie Freedman, Scottish footballer and manager
1974 – Monica Keena, American actress
1974 - Frank Klepacki, American musician
1975 - Keiko Fujimori, Peruvian politician
1975 – Lauryn Hill, American singer
1975 – Blaise Nkufo, Swiss footballer
1976 – Miguel Tejada, Dominican Major League Baseball player
1976 - Cillian Murphy, Irish actor
1977 – Pat Burrell, baseball player
1978 – Brian Urlacher, American football player
1979 - Sayed Moawad, Egyptian footballer
1979 – Jonny Wilkinson, English rugby player
1979 – Carlos Bocanegra, American soccer player
1979 - Caroline Ouellette, Canadian ice hockey player
1980 - Alex Hofmann, German motorcycle racer
1980 – David Navarro, Spanish footballer
1982 – Adam Boyd, English footballer
1982 – Daniel Braaten, Norwegian footballer
1982 – Roger Guerreiro, Brazilian-Polish footballer
1984 - Emma Marrone, Italian singer
1984 - Marion Raven, Norwegian singer-songwriter, musician and actress
1984 – Unnur Birna Vilhjálmsdóttir, Icelandic model (Miss Iceland), former Miss World
1985 – Demba Ba, Senegalese footballer
1985 - Joe Anoa'i, American football player and wrestler
1986 – Lauren Crace, English actress
1986 - Yoan Gouffran, French footballer
1986 - Geraint Thomas, Welsh cyclist
1987 - Kamil Stoch, Polish ski jumper
1988 - Cameron van der Burgh, South African swimmer
1990 - Nikita Filatov, Russian ice hockey player
1991 - Jillian Wheeler, American singer-songwriter and actress
1992 - Jon Dadi Bodvarsson, Icelandic footballer
1994 - Aly Raisman, American gymnast
1999 - Brec Bassinger, American actress
Deaths
Up to 1950
615 – Pope Boniface IV (b. 550)
675 - Li Hong, Chinese prince (b. 550)
709 – Aldhelm, English Christian saint (b. 639)
967 – Emperor Murakami of Japan (b. 926)
992 – Mieszko I of Poland (b. 935)
1085 – Pope Gregory VII (b. 1020)
1261 – Pope Alexander IV
1452 – John Stafford, Archbishop of Canterbury
1555 – Gemma Frisius, Dutch mathematician and mapmaker (b. 1508)
1555 – Henry II of Navarre (b. 1503)
1595 - Philip Neri, Italian priest and saint (b. 1515)
1632 - Adam Tanner, Austrian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1572)
1667 - Gustaf Bonde, Swedish statesman (b. 1620)
1681 – Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish playwright (b. 1600)
1693 - Madame de la Fayette, French writer (b. 1634)
1786 – King Peter III of Portugal (b. 1717)
1789 - Anders Dahl, Swedish botanist (b. 1751)
1805 – William Paley, English philosopher (b. 1743)
1862 - Johann Nestroy, Austrian playwright, actor and opera singer (b. 1801)
1895 - Ahmed Cevdet Pasha, Ottoman soldier, intellectual, bureaucrat, administrator and historian (b. 1822)
1899 - Rosa Bonheur, French painter and sculptor (b. 1822)
1899 - Emilio Castelar y Ripoll, Spanish politician and writer (b. 1832)
1911 - Vasily Klyuchevsky, Russian historian (b. 1841)
1912 - Austin Lane Crothers, 46th Governor of Maryland (b. 1860)
1919 – Madam C. J. Walker, American philanthropist and tycoon (b. 1867)
1924 - Lyubov Popova, Russian painter (b. 1889)
1926 – Symon Petliura, Ukrainian politician and statesman (b. 1879)
1930 – Randall Thomas Davidson, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1848)
1934 – Gustav Holst, English composer (b. 1874)
1939 - Frank Watson Dyson, English astronomer (b. 1858)
1940 - Joe De Grasse, Canadian-American actor and director (b. 1873)
1951 2010
1954 – Robert Capa, Hungarian-born photojournalist (b. 1913)
1958 - Steinn Steinarr, Icelandic poet (b. 1908)
1965 - Sonny Boy Williamson II, American singer-songwriter and musician (b. 1912)
1970 - Tom Patey, Scottish mountaineer and writer (b. 1932)
1977 – Yevgenia Ginzburg, Russian writer (b. 1904)
1981 - Ruby Payne-Scott, Australian physicist and astronomer (b. 1912)
1983 – King Idris I of Libya (b. 1890)
1986 - Chester Bowles, 78th Governor of Connecticut (b. 1901)
1988 – Ernst Ruska, German physicist (b. 1906)
1993 - Buddhadesa, Thai monk and philosopher (b. 1906)
1995 - Dany Robin, French actress (b. 1927)
1996 - Renzo De Felice, Italian historian and politician (b. 1929)
2002 – Pat Coombs, English actress (b. 1926)
2005 - Sunil Dutt, Indian actor and politician (b. 1929)
2006 – Desmond Dekker, Jamaican musician (b. 1941)
2009 – Haakon Lie, Norwegian politician (b. 1906)
2010 – Siphiwo Ntshebe, South African singer (b. 1975)
From 2011
2011 – Leonora Carrington, British-Mexican painter (b. 1917)
2012 – Edoardo Mangiarotti, Italian fencer (b. 1919)
2014 - Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish general and politician, last Communist leader of Poland (b. 1923)
2014 - Bunny Yeager, American model and photographer (b. 1929)
2014 - Herb Jeffries, American jazz and pop singer (b. 1913)
2014 - David Allen, English cricketer (b. 1935)
2014 - Tommy Blom, Swedish radio host and singer (b. 1947)
2014 - Malcolm Simmons, English motorcycle speedway racer (b. 1946)
2015 - John M. Murphy, American politician (b. 1926)
2015 - Mary Ellen Mark, American photographer (b. 1940)
2015 - Bill O'Herlihy, Irish broadcaster (b. 1938)
2016 - Yang Jiang, Chinese playwright, author and translator (b. 1911)
2016 - Gyula Kosice, Czechoslovakian-Argentine poet and sculptor (b. 1924)
2016 - Nancy Dow, American actress and model (b. 1936)
2016 - John Webster, British theologian (b. 1955)
2017 - Alistair Horne, British historian, journalist and spy (b. 1925)
2017 - Eva Estrada Kalaw, Filipino politician (b. 1920)
2017 - Frédérick Leboyer, French obstetrician and author (b. 1918)
2017 - Saucy Sylvia, Canadian-American radio personality and singer (b. 1920)
2018 - Piet Kee, Dutch composer and organist (b. 1927)
2018 - Sergio Graziani, Italian actor (b. 1930)
2018 - Naser Malek Motiei, Iranian actor (b. 1930)
2019 - Margaret-Ann Armour, Scottish-Canadian chemist (b. 1939)
2019 - Jean Burns, Australian aviatrix (b. 1919)
2019 - Anthony Graziano, American mobster (b. 1940)
2019 - Dmytro Kremin, Ukrainian poet, journalist and translator (b. 1953)
2019 - Thembinkosi Mbamba, South African footballer (b. 1995)
Observances
Africa Day
Geek Pride Day
Independence Day (Jordan)
Liberation Day (Lebanon)
National Day (Argentina)
National Missing Children's Day (United States), after the disappearance of Etan Patz on this day in 1979
Days of the year |
| 20 | 37 | 68 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20pudding | Black pudding | Black pudding is an English name for zwarte pudding. It is food made by cooking down the blood of any mammal (usually pigs or cattle) with meat, fat or filler until it is thick enough to congeal (become firm or solid) when cooled.
Types of black pudding
In Great Britain, blood sausage is called "black pudding". The ingredients include pig's blood, suet, bread, barley and oatmeal. The most common kind of German Blutwurst is made from fatty pork meat, beef blood and filler such as barley. Though already cooked and "ready to eat" it is usually served warm.
Other kinds of blood sausage include boudin noir (France), boudin rouge (Creole and Cajun) and morcilla (Spain).
History
A legend says that blood sausage was invented in a bet between two Bavarian butchers drunk on the alcoholic drink absinthe during the 14th century. Homer's Odyssey from Ancient Greece says that "As when a man besides a great fire has filled a sausage with fat and blood and turns it this way and that and is very eager to get it quickly roasted...".
Related pages
Sausage
Sausage |
| 21 | 5310 | 17390 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1101 | 1101 |
Events
A second wave of crusaders arrives in the newly established Kingdom of Jerusalem, after being heavily defeated by Kilij Arslan I at Heraclia. See Crusade of 1101.
Raymond IV of Toulouse, count of Tripoli, takes Ankara from the Seljuk Turks.
Robert Curthose signs the Treaty of Alton, giving up his claim to the Anglo-Norman throne and establishing Henry I as King of England.
The County of Berg, Germany is established.
Canute II of Denmark is canonized. |
| 22 | 4142 | 12823 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus%20syriacus | Hibiscus syriacus | Hibiscus syriacus is one of the common flowering shrubs found in gardens, a species of Hibiscus. Common names for the same plant include Rose of Sharon (but it is not a rose), rose mallow, shrub-althaea, Syrian hibiscus, Syrian ketmia, and St Joseph's rod.
The part of the name "syriacus" seems to say that the origin of this plant is from Syria, but the exact origin is so far unknown. Historically it was grown in ancient China and then it became a popular plant in Korea. Today the flowers are national symbols of Korea. In Japan, the flowers are often shown at tea ceremonies for decoration.
There are many variations of flowers in gardens, because gardeners of the past were able to find different colors and shapes of flowers, and grow their seeds.
Gallery
References
Trees
Malvaceae |
| 23 | 1663 | 5626 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20Yare | River Yare | The River Yare is a river in the county of Norfolk, England.
The river starts south of Dereham in the county of Norfolk. From there it flows to the east of the world. The river flows along the southern edge of the city of Norwich. The river continues past Norwich into the tidal lake of Breydon Water. Here the Yare is joined by the Rivers Bure and Waveney. It empties into North Sea at Gorleston, Great Yarmouth.Google Chrome
Small coastal boats can sail along the river from Norwich to the North Sea. In the past, the river had a large number of boats carrying goods to Norwich. Larger modern boats cannot get across Breydon Water because it is not deep enough. Because of this, a canal was created at Reedham to provides a connection to the River Waveney.
References
Rivers of England
Norfolk |
| 24 | 5514 | 18026 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealand | Zealand | Zealand (Danish: Sjælland) is an island in the eastern part of Denmark. It is just west of Sweden and a strait called the Øresund lies between the two. It has an area of 7,031 km² and is the largest island in the country.
About 2,268,000 people were living in Zealand as of 2016. Most of these people live in and around Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, which is on the eastern shore of Zealand.
A number of bridges and tunnels link Zealand to other parts of Denmark. They include:
the Great Belt Bridge, which links Zealand to Funen, an island to the west.
the Storstrøm Bridge, which links Zealand to Lolland, an island to the south.
the Øresund Bridge, which links Zealand (actually the island of Amager) to Sweden to the east, near Malmö.
Islands of Denmark |
| 25 | 5485 | 17900 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1555 | 1555 |
Events
Russia breaks 60 year old truce with Sweden by attacking Finland
February 2 – Diet of Augsburg begins
February 4 – John Rogers becomes first Protestant martyr in England
February 9 – Bishop of Gloucester John Hooper is burned at the stake
May 23 – Paul IV becomes Pope.
September 25 – Peace of Augsburg is signed.
Births
Deaths |
| 26 | 8967 | 30454 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eating | Eating | Eating is taking in food to get energy or nutrients or for enjoyment. People and animals need to eat because they cannot make their own food inside their bodies like plants. All plants' energy comes from the sun. Plants take the sun's energy, and they are eaten by other animals as food. The animals then eat each other for the energy.
However, many people can not stop themselves from eating, and they become fat or obese. You can become fat by eating the wrong, unhealthy types of food and by eating too much. When a plant collects energy from the sun through its leaves, it is called photosynthesis. If a plant gets too much food, it can just store it until later. They use this stored food during the winter. When you are proven to be fat or obese through your body mass index (BMI), it means you are heavier than the average for your height. The taller you are, the heavier you should be, in theory. If someone is too heavy to be called fat, then they are called obese. When someone eats too much of one thing, they become fat. Someone can eat junk food, but they can also balance themselves by also eating fruits and vegetables.
Food and drink |
| 27 | 11622 | 42709 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lolita | Lolita | Lolita is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov. The book was written in English. It was published in Paris in 1955. It was translated into Russian by Nabokov. The story is about the sexual relationship that develops in the United States between a middle-aged British professor and a 12-year-old girl after he becomes her stepfather. It was a very controversial book. The novel was made into a movie by Stanley Kubrick in 1962, and remade in 1997.
Related pages
Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century
Other websites
National Public Radio: "50 Years Later, Lolita Still Seduces Readers"
Stanford Magazine: "The Lolita Question"
Slate magazine: "Lolita at 50 - Is Nabokov's masterpiece still shocking?"
Photos of the first edition of Lolita
Lolita USA: The itineraries of Humbert's and Lolita's two voyages across the U.S.A. 1947–1949, with maps and pictures.
Lolita Calendar—A detailed and referenced inner chronology of Nabokov's novel.
Zembla—A resource of the Arts & Humanities Library of the Pennsylvania State University Libraries, home of the International Vladimir Nabokov Society and its publication The Nabokovian.
1955 books
English-language novels
Incest in fiction
Russian novels |
| 28 | 11581 | 42245 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence%20Tao | Terence Tao | Terence Chi-Shen Tao (born 17 July 1975) is a Chinese-Australian mathematician who currently resides in the United States. In 2006, Tao won the Fields Medal for his work in number theory. Tao shared the award with three other mathematicians. He also won the FRS in 2007. He is known for his studies in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, combinatorics, analytic number theory and representation theory. Tao teaches math at UCLA.
Life
Tao was born in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. His parents are Han. Tao is the youngest person to be in the International Mathematical Olympiad.
Ever since he was a young child he had shown great skills in mathematics and logic.
His father claimed that at the age of 2, during a family gathering, the infant Tao taught a 5-year-old child mathematics and English. According to Smithsonian Online Magazine, Tao taught himself arithmetic by the age of two. When asked by his father how he knew numbers and letters, he said he learned them from "Sesame Street". Aside from English, Tao speaks fluent Cantonese, but does not write Chinese. He was promoted to a full professor at age 24. He currently lives with his wife and son in Los Angeles, California.
Other websites
Terence Tao's home page
Clay Research Award Announcement
Australian wins highest maths prize , by Charisse Ede, August 22, 2006, from AAP
BBC story
New York Times story
Mozart of Maths, Sydney Morning Herald, Deborah Smith, August 26, 2006.
Maths Architect of Beauty , Seed Magazine, by Jordan Ellenberg, Posted September 21, 2006
Fields Medalists
1975 births
Living people
Scientists from South Australia
Chinese mathematicians
Child prodigies
People from Adelaide
American bloggers
Number theorists |
| 29 | 5795 | 18792 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s%20100%20Years...%20100%20Movies | AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies | AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movies is a list of the top one hundred movies in American cinema. It was made by the American Film Institute in 1998. The television station CBS aired the list's special.
Movies that were on the list:
had to be made in the United States;
must have English as their language;
must run over sixty minutes in length;
had to be recognised at many award shows and festivals, and by critics and audiences;
left a lasting mark on American history and society.
The list
Citizen Kane (1941)
Casablanca (1942)
The Godfather (1972)
Gone with the Wind (1939)
Lawrence of Arabia (1962)
The Wizard of Oz (1939)
The Graduate (1967)
On the Waterfront (1954)
Schindler's List (1993)
Singin' in the Rain (1952)
It's a Wonderful Life (1946)
Sunset Boulevard (1950)
The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957)
Some Like It Hot (1959)
Star Wars (1977)
All About Eve (1950)
The African Queen (1951)
Psycho (1960)
Chinatown (1974)
One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975)
The Grapes of Wrath (1940)
2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)
The Maltese Falcon (1941)
Raging Bull (1980)
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial (1982)
Dr. Strangelove (1964)
Bonnie and Clyde (1967)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939)
The Treasure of the Sierra Madre (1948)
Annie Hall (1977)
The Godfather Part II (1974)
High Noon (1952)
To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)
It Happened One Night (1934)
Midnight Cowboy (1969)
The Best Years of Our Lives (1946)
Double Indemnity (1944)
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
North by Northwest (1959)
West Side Story (1961)
Rear Window (1954)
King Kong (1933)
The Birth of a Nation (1915)
A Streetcar Named Desire (1951)
A Clockwork Orange (1971)
Taxi Driver (1976)
Jaws (1975)
Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937)
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969)
The Philadelphia Story (1940)
From Here to Eternity (1953)
Amadeus (1984)
All Quiet on the Western Front (1930)
The Sound of Music (1965)
M*A*S*H (1970)
The Third Man (1949)
Fantasia (1940)
Rebel Without a Cause (1955)
Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981)
Vertigo (1958)
Tootsie (1982)
Stagecoach (1939)
Close Encounters of the Third Kind (1977)
The Silence of the Lambs (1991)
Network (1976)
The Manchurian Candidate (1962)
An American in Paris (1951)
Shane (1953)
The French Connection (1971)
Forrest Gump (1994)
Ben-Hur (1959)
Wuthering Heights (1939)
The Gold Rush (1925)
Dances with Wolves (1990)
City Lights (1931)
American Graffiti (1973)
Rocky (1976)
The Deer Hunter (1978)
The Wild Bunch (1969)
Modern Times (1936)
Giant (1956)
Platoon (1986)
Fargo (1996)
Duck Soup (1933)
Mutiny on the Bounty (1935)
Frankenstein (1931)
Easy Rider (1969)
Patton (1970)
The Jazz Singer (1927)
My Fair Lady (1964)
A Place in the Sun (1951)
The Apartment (1960)
Goodfellas (1990)
Pulp Fiction (1994)
The Searchers (1956)
Bringing Up Baby (1938)
Unforgiven (1992)
Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)
Yankee Doodle Dandy (1942)
Other websites
American Film Institute
Filmsite.org article
Montreal Mirror's opinion of the list
Lists of movies
American Film Institute |
| 30 | 21069 | 80826 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge%20Manrique | Jorge Manrique | Jorge Manrique (c. 1440 – 1479) was a major Spanish poet, whose main work, the Coplas a la muerte de su padre (Stanzas about the Death of his Father), is still read today. He was a supporter of the great Spanish queen, Isabel I of Castile, and actively participated on her side in the civil war that broke out against her half-brother, Enrique IV, when the latter attempted to make his daughter, Juana, crown princess. Jorge died in 1479 during an attempt to take the castle of Garcimuñoz after Isabel gained the crown.
Manrique were one of major Spanish aristocratic families of the Jewish converso descent. See, Norman Roth, "Conversos, Inquisition, and the Expulsion of the Jews from Spain", Madison, WI: The University of Wisconcin Press, 1995, p. 333. Jorge Manrique was a great-nephew of Iñigo López de Mendoza (marquess of Santillana), a descendant of Pero López de Ayala, chancellor of Castile, and a nephew of Gómez Manrique, corregidor of Toledo, all important poets of the late fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. He was, therefore, a member of a noble family of great consequence.
1440 births
1479 deaths
Spanish poets |
| 31 | 12497 | 46061 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Praetorius | Michael Praetorius | Michael Praetorius (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571? ; died Wolfenbüttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist. He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music. A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.
We are not quite certain about the date of his birth. He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany. His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs. We know very little about the life of Praetorius. He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule (“Latin School”) in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt. He probably never had music lessons after he left school. Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. There Praetorius graduated in divinity. Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He soon earned a good salary. He married in 1603 and had two sons.
Although he had his job in Wolfenbüttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Schütz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt. His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard. When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.
His music
Praetorius wrote a very large amount of music. Much of it has been lost. He wrote a collection of French dances called Terpsichore for a small group of instruments. These are very happy pieces and are very popular today. A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church. He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play). His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time. He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts). The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.
His theory works
Praetorius wrote a book about music theory called Syntagma Musicum. Part One talks about religious music. It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services. In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day. Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs. He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it.
1571 births
1621 deaths
Baroque composers
German composers
German organists
Music theorists
People from Thuringia |
| 32 | 2939 | 9256 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1894 | 1894 |
Events
Outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War
June 30 – Tower Bridge in London opened.
Births
February 10 - Harold Macmillan, British Prime Minister
April 17 – Nikita Krushchev, Soviet leader
March 20 – Ky Ebright, American Olympic rowing coach (d. 1979)
July 26 – Aldous Huxley, English writer
November 27 - Katherine Milhous, American illustrator and writer (d. 1977)
Deaths
1 January – Heinrich Rudolf Hertz
1 November - Alexander III of Russia Czar of Russia father of Czar Nicholas II |
| 33 | 1348 | 4794 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism | Leninism | Leninism is a way of thinking about how the communist party should be organized. It says it should be a dictatorship of the proletariat (the working class holds the power). It is thought to be one of the first steps towards socialism (where the workers own the factories, etc.). It is one part of Marxism–Leninism, which emphasizes the transition from capitalism to socialism.
Beliefs
Vladimir Lenin was a Russian Marxist. He had a set of ideas based on Marxism. Lenin's development of Marxism has become known as Leninism. These ideas include:
Democratic Centralism, also known as the idea of the vanguard party. Like other communists, Lenin wanted to see a socialist revolution led by the working class. But he thought the workers needed strong leadership in the form of a Revolutionary Party based on Democratic Centralism. Lenin wanted Communist political parties in every country to lead the revolution. He thought the vanguard party would need to have strong discipline, or it would fail.
The idea that capitalism is the cause of imperialism (empire-building). He thought that imperialism was the "highest stage" of capitalism.
Accepting the idea that the oppressed ethnic minorities (smaller groups of people) should get to have Nationalism and decide how they should be governed.
Teaching the proletariat (working class) about politics, especially Marxism.
References
Other websites
Books by Vladimir Lenin
What Is To Be Done?.
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism.
The State and Revolution.
"The Lenin Archive".
"First Conference of the Communist International".
Other similar links
"Marcel Liebman on Lenin and democracy".
"An excerpt on Leninism and State Capitalism from the work of Noam Chomsky".
Rosa Luxemburg. "Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy".
Karl Korsch. "Lenin's Philosophy".
"Cyber Leninism".
"Leninist Ebooks" .
Anton Pannekoek. "Lenin as a Philosopher".
Paul Mattick. "The Lenin Legend".
Paul Craig Roberts. "Dead Labor: Marx and Lenin Reconsidered".
Communism
Marxism |
| 34 | 22004 | 83736 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lungern | Lungern | Lungern is a municipality of the canton of Obwalden in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official site of the municipal Lungern
Tourism Lungern
Municipalities of Obwalden |
| 35 | 18447 | 69220 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takijir%C5%8D%20%C5%8Cnishi | Takijirō Ōnishi | was a Vice-Admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who came to known as the father of the kamikaze.
Other websites
One of the commanders who be orderd the Kamikaze operation (in Japanese)
1891 births
1945 deaths
Admirals
Aviators
Japanese military people
Military personnel of World War II
People from Hyōgo Prefecture |
| 36 | 9996 | 34141 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrato | Castrato | A castrato (plural castrati) was a type of male singer with a very high voice. The effect was produced either through castration, or because of some hormonal problems. The word castrato literally means castrated. Such singers were very sought after in the early days of the opera. Most of the main soprano roles in operas by Handel and other composers of that time were written for castrati. Nowadays they are almost always sung by female sopranos, since there are no castrati left.
The practice of castrating young boys who had good singing voices was quite common in Italy in the 17th century. When castration is done before puberty, the usual effects of puberty will not happen. These include the vocal cords enlarging and growing bigger, and the voice getting deeper as a consequence.
Even though castration was illegal in many parts of Italy, it was often performed. Many families who were poor had their children castrated because it might give them a better future.
Once a boy was castrated he would go to a special music school where children learned singing and musical instruments. The castrati pupils were given special treatment. They were fussed over and kept warm to stop them from getting colds. When they grew up they hoped to become famous opera singers. A few of them had very successful careers in opera. They were the great stars of their day, and audiences came to the opera to cheer on their favourite singers. Those who were not good enough to make a career in opera joined church choirs instead.
It is impossible now for us to know what these great castrato voices sounded like, but they must have had very powerful voices and many of the singers were very skilled in singing and adding musical ornamentation to the songs. In the 18th century Italian opera became very popular in England. This was largely due to the German-born composer Georg Friderich Händel who moved to England in 1709 and wrote lots of Italian operas. Many singers who sang in London came from Italy, and many were castrati. The most famous one was called Farinelli.
The popularity of castrato singers died out in the 19th century when operas became less artificial and more like real life. By the mid-19th century they were no opera castrati left, although a few castrati still sang in church choirs. The last one, a man called Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922 aged 64. There is a recording of his voice made in 1902 which can be heard online, but he may not have been a good singer and he was old when he made the recording, so we cannot judge whether the castrato voice was beautiful by that recording.
Related pages
Breeches role
Other websites
Alessandro Moreschi at Internet Archive
Vocal ranges |
| 37 | 15860 | 60789 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate%20tectonics | Plate tectonics | Plate tectonics is a theory of geology. It explains movement of the Earth's lithosphere: this is the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is divided into plates, some of which are very large and can be entire continents.
Heat from the mantle is the source of energy driving plate tectonics. Exactly how this works is still a matter of debate.
Earth's crust
The outermost part of the structure of the Earth is made up of two layers. The lithosphere, above, is solid. It includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
Below the lithosphere is the asthenosphere. The asthenosphere is like a solid or a hot viscous liquid. It can flow like a liquid on long time scales. Large convection currents in the asthenosphere transfer heat to the surface, where plumes of less dense magma break apart the plates at the spreading centers. The deeper mantle below the asthenosphere is more rigid again. This is caused by extremely high pressure.
Continental and oceanic plates
There are two types of tectonic plates: oceanic and continental.
An oceanic plate is a tectonic plate at the bottom of the oceans. It is primarily made of mafic rocks, rich in iron and magnesium. It is thinner than the continental crust (generally less than 10 kilometers thick) and denser. It is also younger than continental crust. When they collide, the oceanic plate moves underneath the continental plate because of its density. As a result, it melts in the mantle and reforms. The oldest oceanic rocks are less than 200 million years old.
Continental plate is the thick part of the earth's crust which forms the large land masses. Continental rock has lower density than oceanic rock. They are mostly made of felsic rocks. These have granite, with its abundant silica, aluminum, sodium and potassium. Continental plates are rarely destroyed. Their oldest rocks seem to be 4 billion years old. Oceanic plates cover about 71 percent of Earth’s surface, while continental plates cover 29 percent.
Thickness of plates
Ocean lithosphere varies in thickness. Because it is formed at mid-ocean ridges and spreads outward, it gets thicker as it moves further away from the mid-ocean ridge. Typically, the thickness varies from about thick at mid-ocean ridges to greater than at subduction zones.
Continental lithosphere is about thick. It varies between basins, mountain ranges, and the stable cratonic interiors of continents. The two types of crust differ in thickness, with continental crust being much thicker than oceanic: vs. .
Movement of plates
The lithosphere consists of tectonic plates. There are seven major and many minor plates. The lithospheric plates ride on the asthenosphere (aesthenosphere). The plate boundary is where two plates meet. When movement occurs, the plates may create mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, mid-oceanic ridges and oceanic trenches, depending on which way the plates are moving.
Convergent boundaries: two plates move toward each other. Sometimes one plate will move under the other. This is called subduction. When an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, the oceanic plate will move underneath the continental because it is denser. Convergent boundaries can create mountains and volcanoes. The Andes mountain range in South America and the Japanese island arc are examples, along with the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Divergent boundaries: two plates move apart. As shown in the diagram, the place where the boundary occurs is called a rift. Magma from the mantle pushes up and cools off forming new land. They create earthquakes and trenches. The Mid-ocean ridges and Africa's Great Rift Valley are examples.
Transform fault boundaries: two plates move side to side. They make earthquakes. The San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a transform boundary. New Zealand is another, more complex, example.
Earthquakes, volcanic activity, mountain-building, and oceanic trench formation occur along plate boundaries. The lateral movement of the plates varies from:
per year (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). This is as fast as fingernails grow.
per year (Nazca Plate). This is as fast as hair grows.
Major plates
Depending on how they are defined, seven or eight major plates are usually listed:
African plate
Antarctic plate
Indo-Australian plate, sometimes subdivided into:
Indian plate
Australian plate
Eurasian plate
North American plate
South American plate
Pacific plate
Related pages
List of tectonic plates
Tectonics
Alfred Wegener
References
McKnight, Tom 2004. Geographica: the complete illustrated atlas of the world, Barnes and Noble; New York.
Stanley, Steven M. 1999. Earth system history. Freeman, p211–228.
Thompson, Graham R. & Turk, Jonathan 1991. Modern physical geology. Saunders.
Turcotte D.L. & Schubert G. 2002. Geodynamics. 2nd ed, Wiley, New York.
Other websites
Movie showing 750 million years of global tectonic activity.
More movies over smaller regions and smaller time scales.
Easy-to-draw illustrations for teaching plate tectonics
Map of tectonic plates
Plate tectonics -Citizendium |
| 38 | 14419 | 54230 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Batman | John Batman | John Batman (21 January 1801 – 6 May 1839) was an Australian farmer and businessman who was one of the first white people to live in Melbourne.
Batman was born in Rosehill, Parramatta (part of Sydney), and spent time in Tasmania (then called Van Diemen's Land). In Tasmania he started farming on land the government gave him. He brought more land. During this time, he was involved in conflicts with the Tasmanian Aborigines.
In December 1825, or early 1826, Batman captured the notorious bushranger (a kind of robber), Matthew Brady.
Batman asked to be given land in the Westernport area of Victoria, but the government rejected him. So, in 1835, as a leading member of the Port Phillip Association he sailed for the mainland of Australia in the schooner Rebecca and explored much of Port Phillip Bay. Batman made an agreement, now known as Batman's Treaty, with some local Aborigines to rent their land in return for things like knives and flour every year. Probably the Wurundjeri people did not understand the agreement. In any case, the Governor of New South Wales said the agreement was not legal the land was owned by the Government rather than the Aborigines.
Batman became very unhealthy after 1835, and he separated from his wife, convict Elizabeth Callaghan. They had had seven daughters and a son. His son drowned in the Yarra River. In his last months the local Aborigines looked after him.
Batman is remembered by some statues around Melbourne, and is buried in the Fawkner Cemetery, a cemetery named after his fellow colonist John Pascoe Fawkner. There is also a memorial in the Old Melbourne Cemetery.
Melbourne was called Batmania for a very brief time, in 1835, after John Batman.
He was also one of the first Australians to take part in the Common wealth Games 1823.
His direct descendant is Australian sprinter Daniel Batman.
Related pages
History of Melbourne
Other websites
http://gutenberg.net.au/dictbiog/0-dict-biogBa.html#batman1
Batmania: a fun way to explore the people and events surrounding the foundation of Melbourne, images of the Batman Land Deed and other historical documents at the National Museum of Australia.
References
A Pictorial History of Bushrangers, Prior, Wannan and Nunn, 1968, Paul Hamlyn Pty Ltd, Melbourne
1801 births
1839 deaths
Australian explorers
People from Sydney
Australian businesspeople
Australian politicians |
| 39 | 20719 | 79702 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/River%20delta | River delta | A river delta is a landform where the mouth of a river flows into an ocean, sea, desert, estuary, lake or another river. It is formed by sediment carried by the river being deposited in the wider mouth. This happens because the water moves less quickly there.
The word "delta" comes from the upper-case letter delta, Δ , in the Greek alphabet because many river deltas are triangular like this letter.
A river delta can cover just a few square miles, or an area of hundreds or thousands of square miles of land.
Other websites
Louisiana State University Geology - World Deltas |
| 40 | 23773 | 91700 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arne%20Friedrich | Arne Friedrich | Arne Friedrich (born May 29, 1979) is a German football player. His team at the moment is Hertha Berlin. He has played for the Germany national team in 82 matches, scoring a goal once.
Club career statistics
|-
|2000/01||rowspan="2"|Arminia Bielefeld||rowspan="2"|2. Bundesliga||25||1||2||0||colspan="2"|-||27||1
|-
|2001/02||22||0||2||0||colspan="2"|-||24||0
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="8"|Hertha Berlin||rowspan="8"|Bundesliga||33||5||1||0||8||0||42||5
|-
|2003/04||30||2||3||1||2||0||35||3
|-
|2004/05||25||3||0||0||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|2005/06||31||1||3||1||8||0||42||2
|-
|2006/07||26||2||4||0||4||0||34||2
|-
|2007/08||30||0||2||0||0||0||32||0
|-
|2008/09||25||0||1||0||4||0||30||0
|-
|2009/10||||||||||||||||
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
247||14||18||2||26||0||291||16
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2002||4||0
|-
|2003||10||0
|-
|2004||10||0
|-
|2005||8||0
|-
|2006||16||0
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||5||0
|-
|2010||10||1
|-
|2011||3||0
|-
!Total||82||1
|}
References
1979 births
Living people
German footballers
Sportspeople from North Rhine-Westphalia |
| 41 | 340 | 655 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman | Roman | Roman or Romans may refer to:
A thing or person of or from the city of Rome, Italy
History
Ancient Rome (8th century BC – 5th century AD)
Roman Kingdom (753 BC to 509 BC)
Roman Republic (509 BC to 27 BC)
Roman Empire (27 BC to 476/1453 AD)
Roman Britain, part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire between AD 43 and about 410
Roman alphabet, the standard alphabet of most of the languages of Western and Central Europe
Romanization
Roman army
Roman calendar
Roman law, the legal system of both the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire
Roman numerals, numeral system where certain letters are given a numeral value
Roman mythology
Byzantine Empire (330/476/629 to 1453), the Eastern Roman Empire
Romaioi (Ρωμαίοι), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman Empire dating to Late Antiquity
Romaioi (Ρωμιοί), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Rum-milet in the Ottoman Empire, or Greek-speaking Orthodox people today
Romanae or the Greco-Romans from Aetolia Acarnania that speak Romanesci
Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 to 1806), a medieval state in Central Europe
Roman, Bulgaria, a town and a municipality in Vratsa Province
Romans-sur-Isère, in the Drôme département of France
Roman, Romania, a city in Neamţ county
Romans, Ain, a town in France
Roman, Eure, France
Romans, Deux-Sèvres, France
Romans d'Isonzo, a town in Italy
Roman roads
Roman Valley, Nova Scotia
Saint Roman, Monaco
Christianity
Epistle to the Romans, a letter in the New Testament of the Christian Bible
The Roman Catholic Church
Literature
The word for Novel in many European languages.
Nouveau roman (lit. "new novel"), a type of French novel of the 1950s
Bildungsroman (lit. "formation novel"), German for a coming-of-age story
Künstlerroman (lit. "artist's novel"), German for a story of an artist's growth to maturity
Romance (heroic literature), a genre of Medieval French literature
Ar-Rum, the 30th book in the Qu'ran, is sometimes translated as The Romans
Roman à clef, a novel about real life, overlaid with a façade of fiction |
| 42 | 17951 | 67586 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daigo%2C%20Ibaraki | Daigo, Ibaraki | Daigo (大子町; -machi) is a town that is in the Kuji District, Ibaraki, Japan.
In 2003, about 22,813 people lived there, 70.03 people per km². The total area is .
Other websites
Official website
Towns in Japan
Settlements in Ibaraki Prefecture |
| 43 | 1178 | 4424 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20waterfalls | List of waterfalls | This is a list of waterfalls.
Africa
Boyoma Falls (Stanley Falls) - Democratic Republic of the Congo
Mutarazi Falls
Sipi Falls - Uganda
Tugela Falls
Victoria Falls - widest in the world
North America
Canada
Bow Glacier Falls - Banff National Park
Della Falls - highest in Canada
Emperor Falls - Mount Robson Provincial Park
Hunlen Falls
Montmorency Falls, Quebec - 83 m (272 ft)
Takakkaw Falls - Yoho National Park
Twin Falls - Yoho National Park
Canadian Falls, Ontario - part of Niagara Falls, with a 53 m (173 ft) drop
Mexico
Basaseachic Falls
United States
(in order of vertical drop)
Yosemite Falls, California - highest waterfall in North America with a 436 m (1430 ft) drop followed by a 206 m (675 ft) cascade and another 98 m (320 ft) sheer drop
Sulphide Creek Falls, Washington, cascades 2182 ft (665 m)
Ribbon Falls, California - 491 m (1612 ft) drop when flowing
Silver Strand Falls, California - 357 m (1170 ft) drop when flowing
Feather Falls, California - 195 m (640 ft) high when flowing
Bridalveil Falls, California - 189 m (620 ft) sheer drop when flowing
Multnomah Falls, Oregon - 189 m (620 ft) drop in two steps of 165 m and 21 m (542 ft then 69 ft), flowing year-round
Taughannock Falls, New York - 66 m (215 ft) single, vertical drop, flowing year-round
American Falls, New York - part of Niagara Falls with a drop of 52 m (170 ft), flowing year-round
Burney Falls, California - spring fed, 39 m (129 ft) drop, 4 m³/s (150 ft³/s) constant flow rate.
Great Falls of the Passaic River, New Jersey - 23 m (77 ft) drop.
Cumberland Falls, Kentucky - 21 m (69 ft) drop, home to moonbows when the moon is full, flowing year-round
Indian Chimney Falls, New York - 18 m (60 ft) drop, at Indian Chimney Farm
Tahquamenon Falls, Michigan - 15 m (50 ft) drop, 61 m (200 ft) wide
Saint Anthony Falls, Minnesota - highest waterfall on the Mississippi River until replaced by dams in the 19th century'''
South America
Argentina/Brazil
Iguaçu Falls
Brazil
Tabuleiro Falls
Brazil/Paraguay
Guaira Falls
Guyana
Kaieteur Falls
King Edward VIII Falls
Venezuela
Angel - highest waterfall in the world, at 979 m (3,212 ft)
Cuquenan Falls
Asia
India
jog Falls
Japan
Nachi Falls - highest in Japan, over 122 m (400 ft) high
Kegon Falls - third highest in Japan, 97 m (318 ft) high
Laos
Khone Falls
Sri Lanka
Bambarakande Falls - highest in Sri Lanka 263 m high
Diyaluma Falls - most famous in Sri Lanka 220 m high
Dunhida Falls
Lakshapana Falls
Bopath Ella
Europe
France
Gavarnie Falls
Finland
Hepoköngäs
Kiutaköngäs
Korkeakoski
Greenland
Qorlortorsuaq
Iceland
Aldeyjarfoss
Barnafoss
Dettifoss - most powerful in Europe
Fjallfoss
Gjáin
Glymur
Goðafoss
Gullfoss - largest in Europe
Hafragilsfoss
Háifoss
Hengifoss
Hraunfossar
Selfoss
Seljalandsfoss
Skógafoss
Svartifoss
Norway
Espelandsfossen
Kjell Falls
Lower Mar Valley Falls
Monge Falls
Tyssestrengene Falls
Upper Mar Valley Falls
Utigord Falls
Vettis Falls
Slovenia
Klonte Falls
Lehnjak Falls
Rinka Falls
Waterfalls of Triglav national park
Mostnice Falls
Peričnik Falls
Savica Falls
Switzerland
Engstligen Falls - Adelboden
Giessbach Falls - Brienz
Reichenbach Falls - Meiringen
Rhine Falls
Staubbach Falls - Lauterbrunnen
Trümmelbach Falls - Lauterbrunnen
United Kingdom
England
Gaping Gill - "highest" waterfall in England, with water falling 110m from the surface into an underground cavern
High Force - highest above-ground waterfall in England
Low Force - downstream from High Force
Scotland
Eas Coul Aulin - 200 m (658 ft), highest waterfall in Britain
Gray Mares Tail
Wales
Hendryd Waterfall
Pistyll Rhaeadr - highest waterfall in Wales
Oceania
Australia
Jim Jim Falls
Montezuma Falls
Tin Mine Falls
Twin Falls
Wallaman Falls
Wollomombi Falls
Gunlom Falls
Hawaiian Islands
Akaka Falls
Kahiwa Falls - 530 m (1,750 ft)
Kahuna Falls
Olo'upena Falls - 900 m (2953 ft) total drop. Moloka'i North shore.
Papalaua Falls
Rainbow Falls
Wailua Falls
Waipoo Falls
New Zealand
Sutherland Falls - highest waterfall in New Zealand
Browne Falls - might also be the highest
Tahiti
Fachoda Falls
Geography-related lists |
| 44 | 14881 | 56060 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp%20Lahm | Philipp Lahm | Philipp Lahm (; born 11 November 1983) is a German retired football player. He was a former defender for Bayern Munich.
Career club statistics
Club
1.Includes German Cup.
2.Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup.
3.Includes German League Cup, German Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup, and FIFA Club World Cup.
International career statistics
|-
|2004||15||1
|-
|2005||0||0
|-
|2006||15||1
|-
|2007||7||0
|-
|2008||15||1
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
|2010||12||1
|-
|2011||10||0
|-
|2012||10||1
|-
|2013||9||0
|-
|2014||9||0
|-
!Total||113||5
|}
Honours
Club
Bayern Munich
Fußball-Bundesliga (6): 2002–03, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
DFB-Pokal (6): 2002–03, 2005–06, 2007–08, 2009–10, 2012–13, 2013–14
DFL-Ligapokal (1): 2007
DFL-Supercup (2): 2010, 2012
UEFA Champions League (1): 2012–13
UEFA Super Cup (1): 2013
FIFA Club World Cup (1): 2013
National team
FIFA World Cup (1): 2014
References
1983 births
Living people
Association football defenders
Association football full-backs
2006 FIFA World Cup players
2010 FIFA World Cup players
2014 FIFA World Cup players
German footballers
Sportspeople from Munich |
| 45 | 20219 | 77660 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkh | Balkh | Balkh () is a city in Balkh Province of Afghanistan. It was a big city hundreds of years ago, but it was ruined by Mongols. It was not ruined forever, though. In 1850 it was captured by Dost Mohammad Khan.
Related pages
Balkh Province
References
Cities in Afghanistan |
| 46 | 2076 | 7109 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal | Journal | a written medium, for instance:
an academic journal
a diary
a literary magazine, a periodical devoted to literature
a daily newspaper
a scientific journal
Journal (mechanical device), the section of a rotating shaft that contacts and turns in a plain bearing
Mining journal, a record systematically describing the strata through which a mine shaft passes (see shaft mining)
Journal entry, an accounting transaction in the double-entry bookkeeping system |
| 47 | 1752 | 5821 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20words%20about%20computers | List of words about computers |
A
Adobe
Acrobat
Algorithm
AMD
Android
API
Apple
Application
Analog
B
Boot
binary
BIOS
bitcoin
byte
bot
Botnet
Browser
C
C programming language
Cable
Cache memory
Captcha
Connection
Control
Cookie
C++
Computer
D
data
database
datalake
Debian
decompress
desktop
dialer
digital
document
disk operating system (redirect (or disambig) from DOS)
download
E
ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
electricity
email
email attachment
Encarta encyclopedia
Epiphany web browser
End User License Agreement (redirect from EULA)
Explorer
ext2 filesystem type
ext3 filesystem type
F
File allocation table (disambiguation from FAT or fat)
FAT16 filesystem
FAT32 filesystem
file
file types by ending
filesharing
filesystem
firewall
folder
footnotes
format
FreeBSD
freeware
FTP
Facebook
((Function))
G
gigabyte (redir from gb)
Gimp
Gmail
Gnome
Google
GNU
GnuPG
GPU
Google Nest
H
hacker
hard disk (redirects from hard drive, hard disk drive, hard disk)
hardware
Hash_function
HDMI
home page
HTML
HTTP
HTTP_Cookie
I
Intel
Icons
Input device
Internet
J
MarA jio
Joo
Jio
Java
JavaScript
J#
K
KDE*
kernel
keyboard
key
keyword
L
laptop
licensing examples for computer software
link
Linux
Lavasoft
Live CD
LibreOffice
M
Macintosh
Mac OS
Mac OS X
Malware
Mainframe Computer
Mandrake Linux
Martus
md5
media
megabyte (redir or disamb from mb)
Microsoft
modify
monitor
Motherboard
mouse
Mozilla web browser
Mozilla Firefox web browser
Modem
mp4
mpeg-4
N
NTFS filesystem type
Netscape
Netscape Navigator web browser
network
NNTP
non-commercial
notebook computer
Nvidia
O
ogg file format for multimedia
OpenOffice.org
Open Site
open source
Opera web browser
operating system
operating systems, a list
P
page
Perl
personal computer (PC)
Petabyte
pdf or more likely PDF
peer to peer, P2P
PGP
PHP
proprietary
piracy
pirate
plug-in
Python
popup
printer
privacy
program
program release
Python
PRINT
Q
QNX
QuickBasic
QuickTime.
QWERTY
R
Random_access_memory(redirect from RAM)
ReactOS
Read-only_memory(Redirect from ROM)
RedHat
Reiser FS filesystem type
root
RSA
Recycle Bin
Reboot
S
scan
search engine
security
server
shared source
shareware
software
spam
spamming
Spreadsheet
spyware
super computer
super user
surfing the internet
Suse
SDK
SSD
system
synergy (synergistic)
T
training for computers
Trojan horse
Terabyte (TB)
Tablet
U
Ubuntu
undo
UNIX
update
upload
user
USB
V
version
virtual community
Visual Studio
Visual Basic
virus
Vulnerability32]✓
VPN
W
Windows
Wine (software)
Wi-Fi
X
Xine
XML
x86, x32(processor)
x86-64, x64(processor architecture)
Y
Yahoo!
Yotabyte
Z
Z (file format)
Zoom in - Zoom out
ZIP
Zettabyte(ZB)
Other websites
A Gnu Dictionary of Computing - downloadable
Computing
Computer-related lists
Computers |
| 48 | 1357 | 4812 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20countries%20and%20dependencies%20by%20population | List of countries and dependencies by population | This is a list of countries and dependent territories by population. The number shows how many people live in each country. Countries with the most people are at the top of the list. Countries with the fewest people are at the bottom.
Also see: List of countries, List of countries by area, List of countries by population density.
Sovereign states and dependencies by population
Note: All dependent territories or constituent countries that are parts of sovereign states are shown in italics and not assigned a numbered rank.
References
e
CIA, 9 August, 2005.
Notes
Population |
| 49 | 12303 | 45395 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahdi | Mahdi | The Mahdi or Mehdi ('the rightly-guided one') is Islam's messiah or savior. It is said that he and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yaum al-Qiyamah (Day of the Resurrection).
In particular, the Sudanese tribal leader Muhammed Ahmed proclaimed himself as the Mahdi, appointed by Allah to free his country. He defeated the forces of the Khedive of Egypt and the British, only to die suddenly six months later.
Other websites
Who are Mahdavis?
The Promised Mehdi
Syed Mohammad AlMahdi AlMow'ood
Islam |
| 50 | 9155 | 31389 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.%20Scott%20Fitzgerald | F. Scott Fitzgerald | Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald (September 24, 1896 - December 21, 1940) was an Irish American writer. He is remembered mostly for his novel The Great Gatsby, and for being one of the main members of the Lost Generation.
Life
Fitzgerald was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He briefly went to the Nardin Academy– a private Roman Catholic school in Western New York. When his father lost his job, the Fitzgerald family returned to Minnesota. F. Scott Fitzgerald then went to the St. Paul Academy, but was thrown out of the school when he was aged 16 for not working hard enough. Fitzgerald went to another school in New Jersey and eventually went to Princeton University in 1913. While he was at Princeton, Fitzgerald wrote for a musical-comedy club at the University which led to him sending a novel off to a book publishing company, Charles Scribner’s Sons. The editor liked Fitzgerald’s writing, but did not publish the book. Fitzgerald left Princeton University to serve in the United States Navy in World War One, but the war ended shortly after he signed up.
Fitzgerald got engaged to Zelda Sayre in 1919. He moved into an apartment on Lexington Avenue in New York where he wrote short stories and worked in advertising. Zelda did not think that Fitzgerald’s job was good enough and she broke off their engagement. Fitzgerald went back to his parent’s home in St. Paul and worked on his first novel This Side of Paradise. This Side of Paradise was finally accepted by Charles Scriber’s Sons in late 1919 and Zelda and Fitzgerald got engaged again. This Side of Paradise was published in 1920 and was very popular. Scott and Zelda got married in St. Patrick’s Cathedral in New York. On October 26, 1921, their daughter Frances Scott Fitzgerald was born.
Fitzgerald’s most famous book, The Great Gatsby, was first sold in 1925. Fitzgerald travelled a lot at this time – mainly to France, where he met a number of other Americans who had left the United States. It was around this time that Fitzgerald first met Ernest Hemingway. They became good friends, but Hemingway did not like Fitzgerald’s wife, Zelda. Hemingway said that Zelda was insane, made Fitzgerald drink alcohol and that she did not allow him to do his best work. It is generally accepted, however, that Zelda had a big influence on Fitzgerald’s writing.
Fitzgerald’s other novels did not sell as well as his first novel while he was alive. He and Zelda spent a lot of money on parties and Fitzgerald had to try and make money by writing short stories. In the late 1920s, Fitzgerald started working on a fourth novel, but problems arose when Zelda’s mental health got worse. The fourth novel, Tender is the Night, was not published until 1934. Some people say that the characters in the novel are very similar to Fitzgerald and Zelda themselves. Tender is the Night did not sell as well as This Side of Paradise in Fitzgerald’s lifetime, and a number of critics said it was poor. The book is now considered to be one of Fitzgerald’s better works, however.
Zelda’s mental health did not improve and she went to live in a mental hospital while her husband worked on more short stories and his fifth novel.
Fitzgerald’s health got worse; possibly due to the fact that he drank a lot of alcohol during his life. On December 21st 1940, he had a heart attack and died. The last words of The Great Gatsby are written on Fitzgerald’s gravestone. His fifth and last novel, The Love of the Last Tycoon, was released after he died.
Works
Novels
This Side of Paradise
The Beautiful and Damned
The Great Gatsby
Tender is the Night
The Love of the Last Tycoon
Short story collections
Flappers and Philosophers (Short Story Collection, 1920)
Tales of the Jazz Age (Short Story Collection, 1922)
All the Sad Young Men (Short Story Collection, 1926)
Taps at Reveille (Short Story Collection, 1935)
Babylon Revisited and Other Stories (Short Story Collection, 1960)
The Pat Hobby Stories (Short Story Collection, 1962)
The Basil and Josephine Stories (Short Story Collection, 1973)
The Short Stories of F. Scott Fitzgerald (Short Story Collection, 1989)
Short Stories
Bernice Bobs Her Hair (Short Story, 1920)
Head and Shoulders (Short Story, 1920)
The Ice Palace (Short Story, 1920)
May Day (Novelette, 1920)
The Offshore Pirate (Short Story, 1920)
The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (Short Story, 1921)
The Diamond as Big as the Ritz (Novella, 1922)
Winter Dreams (Short Story, 1922)
Dice, Brassknuckles & Guitar (Short Story, 1923)
The Freshest Boy (Short Story, 1928)
Magnetism (Short Story 1928)
A New Leaf (Short Story, 1931)
Babylon Revisited (Short story, 1931)
Crazy Sunday (Short Story, 1932)
The Fiend (Short Story, 1935)
The Bridal Party (Short Story)
The Baby Party (Short Story)
Other
The Vegetable, or From President to Postman (play, 1923)
The Crack-Up (essays, 1945)
References
.
.
.
Writers from Saint Paul, Minnesota
1896 births
1940 deaths |
| 51 | 15092 | 56925 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yochanan%20Vollach | Yochanan Vollach | Yochanan Vollach (), also transliterated Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach, born 14 May 1945) is a former Israeli football player who played at: Hapoel Haifa, Maccabi Haifa, HKFC.
He was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.
At 1979 he retired and volunteered as general manager of Maccabi Haifa. Vollach was the Major reason for Maccabi's success.
Vollach has a master's degree in business administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a retired Major in the IDF.
In recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success, he was awarded honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa, in 1993.
Today, Vollach is president of the Maccabi Haifa association and president and CEO of Newlog, a subsidiary of Israeli shipping magnate Zim.
Trophies won
Maccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa:
4 x Israeli cup (1966, 1974, 1991, 1993), (1985 runners up)
3 x Israeli title (1984, 1985, 1991)
1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1985)
1 x Head of the house in the Intertoto home stage with Maccabi Haifa (1985)
1 x IDF title (1965)
Maccabi Haifa youth team:
4 x Israeli youth title (1979, 1983, 1984, 1991)
3 x Israeli youth cup (1980, 1991, 1993)
1 x Israeli Championship of the Champions Cup (1984)
Major honours
Best XI in Israel (4 times, determined by Hadashot haSport and Yedioth Ahronoth)
Fair play award in Israel (3 times)
Hapoel Haifa Best XI All time
Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best XI
Israel Golden Jubilee Awards: Haifa Best Defender (All Time)
Honorary citizen of the City of Haifa
1945 births
Living people
Hebrew University of Jerusalem alumni
Israeli footballers
Israeli military people
Jewish Israeli sportspeople
Jewish military people
Majors |
| 52 | 19157 | 72518 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel%20Schneidermann | Daniel Schneidermann | Daniel Schneidermann (born April 5, 1958 in Paris) is a French journalist. He mainly reports about televised media. He is most active in weekly columns. Schneidermann has written in Le Monde and is presently in Libération. He also can be seen on the television program Arrêt sur images (Freeze-frame), broadcast by the public television channel France 5.
1958 births
Living people
French writers
French journalists |
| 53 | 17885 | 67402 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Caan | James Caan | James Langston Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his role of Sonny Corleone in 1972's The Godfather and for his role as Ed Deline on Las Vegas. He has been nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe.
He is the son of Sophie (née Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany.
References
Other websites
1940 births
Living people
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
Jewish American actors
Actors from New York City |
| 54 | 22068 | 83865 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton%20of%20Zug | Canton of Zug | The Canton of Zug is one of the 26 cantons of Switzerland. It is in central Switzerland and its capital is Zug. With 239 km² in area, the canton is one of the smallest of the cantons. It does not contain any districts as there are not enough municipalities to warrant any districts.
Geography
The canton of Zug is in central Switzerland. The canton of Lucerne and Canton of Aargau lie to its west. To the north is the Canton of Zürich; to the west and south is the Canton of Schwyz. The canton has two lakes inside of it, both of which make up a large part of the canton's area. They are the lakes of Zug and Ägeri.
Municipalities
The eleven municipalities of the canton are:
Zug
Oberägeri
Unterägeri
Menzingen
Baar
Cham
Hünenberg
Steinhausen
Risch
Walchwil
Neuheim
References
Other websites
Canton of Zug official page (German)
Official statistics
Zug-Zuerich border photos
Kanton Zug - All photographs index
Company Formation Zug |
| 55 | 9024 | 30853 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly | Holly | Holly is a type of bush with recognisable leaves. The leaves have sharp edges, and are often used to decorate a house on Christmas Day. Some types of holly are used to make tea. The leaves of the Holly don't fall of in the winter because they're very thick and have a waxy layer on them.
Holly bushes produce berries that birds often eat during the winter season.
Christmas
Asterids |
| 56 | 21189 | 81132 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/S/2003%20J%2019 | S/2003 J 19 | is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, et al. in 2003.
is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,709,000 km in 699.125 days, at an inclination of 165° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1961.
It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.
References
Jupiter's moons |
| 57 | 23358 | 89628 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorengo | Sorengo | Sorengo is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Lago di Muzzano can be found in this municipality.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Ticino |
| 58 | 12883 | 47340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerability | Vulnerability | Vulnerability means the extent to which changes can hurt or harm a person or a system.
In context with natural hazards and natural disasters, vulnerability is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.
So it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. “The concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster” (Bankoff et al. 2004: 11).
Complex definition: Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions).
Related pages
Vulnerability index
Other websites
Modelling Society’s Capacity to Manage Extraordinary Events *From the Swedish Morphological Society
United Nations University Institute of Environment and Human Security
MunichRe Foundation
Social sciences |
| 59 | 10995 | 39589 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1538 | 1538 | The year 1538 was a common year which started on Tuesday.
Events
October 28 – The first university of the New World, the Universidad Santo Tomás de Aquino, is founded. |
| 60 | 13415 | 49232 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta | Documenta | documenta is one of the most important exhibitions of modern art in the world. Since 1955, it takes place every five years in Kassel, Germany. More than 1.2 million people visited the last one, documenta 14, which was held in 2017. The next one, documenta 15, will be from June 18 to September 25, 2022.
Related pages
German art
Art |
| 61 | 12410 | 45801 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rambutan | Rambutan | A rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) is a tree from southeast Asia. The fruit that grows on the tree is also called rambutan. It is in the same family as Lychee.
The name rambutan is a word that means "hairy". The fruit does look hairy. The fruit is green in color when not yet ripe. Once ripe the outside of the fruit turns red. The flesh on the inside of the rambutan is white in color.
Rambutan is native to Indonesia. Rambutan trees grow naturally in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and elsewhere in Southeast Asia .
Other than those countries, Sri Lanka is also popular for rambutan.
The fruit are usually sold fresh, used in making jams and jellies, or canned.
References
Fruits
Tropical fruit
Trees
Sapindaceae |
| 62 | 16462 | 63231 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Jupiter%27s%20moons | List of Jupiter's moons | There are 79 known moons of Jupiter. Jupiter has the second largest number of moons with reasonably stable orbits of any planet in the Solar System.
The most massive of the moons are the four Galilean moons, which were independently discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and Simon Marius. They were the first objects found to orbit a body that was neither Earth nor the Sun. The Galilean moons are by far the largest and most massive objects to orbit Jupiter. The other 75 known moons and the rings together make up just 0.003% of the total orbiting mass. The four are Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. They are roughly the same size as Earth's moon, some are a bit bigger, some are smaller.
From the end of the 19th century, dozens of much smaller Jovian moons have been discovered. All these are less than in diameter, with most barely exceeding . Their orbital shapes range from nearly perfectly circular to highly eccentric and inclined. Many revolve in the direction opposite to Jupiter's spin (retrograde motion). Orbital periods range from seven hours (taking less time than Jupiter does to spin around its axis), to some three thousand times more (almost three Earth years).
List of moons
This list starts with those that go around Jupiter (orbit) the fastest. That is, they have the shortest orbital period. Moons highlighted in purple are the "Galilean moons," moons highlighted in dark gray have a retrograde orbit, and moons with the regular white background have a prograde orbit.
Notes
References
Astronomy lists |
| 63 | 13052 | 47882 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Kellner | Friedrich Kellner | August Friedrich Kellner (born February 1, 1885 in Vaihingen an der Enz, Germany, died November 4, 1970 in Lich) was a German social democrat. He worked as a justice inspector. In the time of the Nazis in Germany, he wrote a secret diary. This became known as the Diary of Friedrich Kellner. After the war he said why he wrote it:
“I could not fight the Nazis in the present, as they had the power to still my voice, so I decided to fight them in the future. I would give the coming generations a weapon against any resurgence of such evil. My eyewitness account would record the barbarous acts, and also show the way to stop them.”
Biography
Family and education
August Friedrich Kellner was born on February 1, 1885 in Vaihingen, a town next to the Enz River and not far from Heidelberg. He was the only child of Georg Friedrich Kellner, a baker from the village of Arnstadt in Thuringia, and Barbara Wilhelmine Vaigle from Bissingen. Friedrich’s parents belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran faith.
When Friedrich was four years old, his family moved to Mainz. There his father became the master baker at "Goebels Zuckerwerk".
In December 1902, when he was 17 years old, Kellner graduated from Goethe High School. He began work as a junior clerk in the courthouse in Mainz. He worked there from 1903 until 1933. He became a justice secretary, then an accountant, and finally a justice inspector.
Military service and marriage
In 1907 and 1908 Kellner had to fulfill his military reserve duty. He was assigned to the 6th Infantry Company of the Leibregiments Großherzogin (3. Großherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 117 in Mainz.
In 1913 Friedrich Kellner married Pauline Preuss. She was from Mainz. Their only child, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Kellner, was born three years later.
When the First World War began in 1914, Kellner was called back to active duty. He was an officer substitute in the Prinz Carl Infantry Regiment (4. Großherzoglich Hessisches Regiment) Nr. 118, in Worms. He fought in France at the battle of the Marne. Later, he was wounded near Reims. He was sent to St. Rochus Hospital in Mainz to recover.
Political activism
Kellner was loyal to the Kaiser’s regime, but still he welcomed the birth of the German democracy after the war. He became a political organizer for the leading political party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). From those first days of the Weimar Republic, he spoke out against the danger of extremists, against Communists and the National Socialists (the Nazis). Kellner would show his opposition at rallies by holding Adolf Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, above his head. He then shouted to the crowd: “Gutenberg, your printing press has been violated by this evil book.” On more than one occasion Kellner was beaten by the Nazis for expressing his views.
Adolf Hitler wanted revenge against his political opponents. So two weeks before Hitler became Chancellor, Kellner took his wife and son into the country for safety. They moved to the village of Laubach, in Hesse. He worked in Laubach as the chief justice inspector in the district court. This means that he was in charge of the administration of the courthouse. In 1935 his son went to live in the United States because he did not want to go into Hitler’s army.
In November 1938 there was a pogrom (an attack) against the Jews. This became known as Kristallnacht, the Night of the Broken Glass. Friedrich and Pauline Kellner tried to help their Jewish neighbors. The Kellners were warned by the Nazi leaders that they would suffer the same fate as their neighbors if they continued their resistance. Kellner was told he and his wife would be sent to a concentration camp if he continued to be a "bad influence" on the people of Laubach. A report written by the district Nazi leader, Hermann Engst, shows that authorities were planning to punish Kellner at the end of the war. Because he could not continue to speak out openly, Kellner wrote down his thoughts in a secret diary. He wanted his son, and the coming generations, to know that democracy must not give in to dictatorships. In the diary, he warns everyone to resist tyrants and terrorism, and to not believe in their propaganda.
The Diary
The diary has 10 volumes with a total of 861 pages. It contains 676 individually dated entries. The entries are from September 1939 through May 1945. More than 500 newspaper clippings are pasted on the pages of the diary.
Friedrich Kellner was an eyewitness to the events of his time. In his diary, he also offers a guide for future generations to prevent totalitarianism. He warns everyone to resist any ideology that would take away their personal freedoms, and he warns everyone to turn away from any belief that ignores the sanctity of human life.
One of the most important entries in the diary was written on October 28, 1941. Most Germans after the war said that they knew nothing about the Holocaust. However, very early in the war Kellner recorded this in his diary. He showed that even in the small towns, normal people knew what was happening:
“A soldier on vacation here said he witnessed a terrible atrocity in the occupied parts of Poland. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and, upon the order of the SS, were shot by Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch.
These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution.
There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together.”
After the war
At war’s end, Kellner helped to establish the SPD in Laubach, and he became the regional party chairman. He was the deputy mayor of Laubach in 1945 and 1946. From 1956 to 1960 he was First Town Councilor and deputy mayor.
Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector and administrator of the courthouse in Laubach until 1947. For the next two years he was the district auditor in the regional court in Giessen. He retired in 1950, but he continued to be a legal advisor in Laubach.
Kellner’s son, who had emigrated to America, died in 1953. In 1960 Kellner’s grandson, Robert Scott Kellner, traveled to Germany to meet his grandfather. Kellner gave his ten-volume diary to his American grandchild. He wanted him to translate it into different languages and bring it to the attention of the public.
On November 4, 1970, Friedrich Kellner died. He was buried at the side of his wife in the Mainz cemetery.
Film
In 2007, the Canadian film company, CCI Entertainment of Toronto, made a documentary film about both Friedrich Kellner and his grandson Robert Scott Kellner. The film is called, My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner.
References
Other websites
Diary Entries in German and English
George Bush Presidential Library - Kellner exhibit
Justus Liebig University - Kellner Project
Telefilm Canada - "My Opposition: the Diaries of Friedrich Kellner"
Holocaust Museum Houston - Kellner exhibit
Heimat Museum, Laubach, Germany - Kellner exhibit
1885 births
1970 deaths
Accountants
Deputy mayors
German historians |
| 64 | 13802 | 51095 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierpc | Sierpc | Sierpc is a city in Poland in the Masovian Voivodeship. About 18,872 people live there. The area is 18,6 km².
The football club there is called Kasztelan Sierpc.
Other websites
Official town webpage
Map via mapa.szukacz.pl
Open air museum in Sierpc - photo
Cities in Poland |
| 65 | 17158 | 64993 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuchehri | Manuchehri | Abu Najm Ahmad ibn Qaus Manuchehri Damghani (c. 982 – 1040) () or Manucheri was a Persian poet. He was from Damghan in Iran. His poems are collected in a Diwan.
982 births
1040 deaths
Persian poets |
| 66 | 12826 | 47119 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20search | Linear search | Linear search or sequential search is a method to find an item in a list. It is a search algorithm.
Algorithm
Start out with a list, L which may have the item that we want to look for.
If the list L is empty, then the list has nothing. The list does not have the item that we are looking for, so we stop here.
If the list L is not empty, we look at all the elements in the list.
For each element:
If the element equals the item that we are looking for, the list has the item in question, so we will stop here and return the position in the list that has the element that we are looking for.
If not, we will go on to the next element.
When we reached the end of the list and still have not found the element that we are looking for, then the list does not have the item that we want.
Implementation
In the Java programming language, linear search looks like this. This method has two parameters: an array of integers and the item we are looking for (also an integer). It says the location in the array if it finds the item. If it does not find it, it says -1.
public int linearSearch(int[] list, int item) {
for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {
if (list[i] == item) {
return i;
}
}
return -1;
}
Related pages
Binary search
Breadth-first search
Depth-first search
Searching and sorting algorithms |
| 67 | 11282 | 40902 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monty%20Python%20and%20the%20Holy%20Grail | Monty Python and the Holy Grail | Monty Python and the Holy Grail is the second movie made by Monty Python. It was made in 1974 and was very successful. It is still very popular. It was also made into a musical called Spamalot.
Story
This is a comedy about King Arthur's search for the Holy Grail. He gathers a group of knights around him. They do not ride horses - instead, they clap coconut halves together, to make the sound of a horse galloping. They search for the grail, but keep on getting distracted by peasants (poor farmers) who want to talk about politics, or French knights insulting them.
The movie was made in Scotland.
1970s adventure movies
1974 comedy movies
Arthurian movies
British adventure movies
British comedy movies
Columbia Pictures movies
Cult movies
English-language movies
Monty Python
Fantasy comedy movies |
| 68 | 5538 | 18062 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro%20Toledo | Alejandro Toledo | Alejandro Toledo is a former president of Peru. He won the 2001 election for president. He gained international prominence after leading the opposition against president Alberto Fujimori, who held the presidency from 1990 to 2000.
Early life
He pursued his undergraduate and graduate education at the University of San Francisco and Stanford University. He originally joined the technical and academic field, from where he participated as an analyst on politics and economics on some occasions.
Political career
He entered politics when he founded the País Posible party, participating for the first time in the 1995 general election. In 2000, he managed to become in the largest opposition leader to the government of Alberto Fujimori, before whom in the midst of a controversial and bumpy process, lost the election for a second time. After the transition stage and the return of democracy in Peru, he participated for the third time in the 2001 elections against Lourdes Flores of National Unity and Alan García of the Peruvian Aprista Party; he competed with the latter in the second round, winning with 53.1% of the popular vote.
Arrest
On 16 July 2019, Toledo was arrested in the United States. On 19 March 2020, he was released on bail.
Personal life
He is from the town of Chimbote in Ancash Region, Peru. He is married to Eliane Karp of Belgium.
References
Presidents of Peru
1946 births
Living people |
| 69 | 5213 | 16847 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edsel | Edsel | Edsel was a make of car and a new car making division introduced by the Ford Motor Company on September 4, 1957. The company called that day, "E-Day." It was named after Henry Ford's son, Edsel Ford. The Edsel was also one of the biggest failures in history. It was sold for only three years, ending in 1960.
Ford planned to move their Lincoln brand upmarket and put another make in beneath it. Design of the Edsel began in 1955 under the name "E-car" which stood for "Experimental car".
Edsel produced four models their first year, the 1958 model year. These were the large Citation and Corsair, and the smaller, easier to buy Pacer and Ranger.
These were the different body styles offered:
Citation: 2 door hardtop, 4 door sedan, 2 door convertible
Corsair: Same, no convertible
Pacer: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 2 door convertible
Ranger: 2 door, 4 door, 2 door sedan, 4 door sedan
The Bermuda, Villager and Roundup were station wagons based on the two smaller Edsel models. They were basically the same as the 1957-59 Ford wagons.
63,110 Edsels sold the first year, which was the second largest car launch for any brand in history. Only the Plymouth introduction in 1928 was better, but still not as many cars as Ford hoped would sell.
There were only 2 Edsels in 1959, the Ranger and the Corsair. Only 44,891 cars were sold in that model year.
Only the Ranger and Villager were produced in 1960. These were almost exactly like the 1960 Ford cars. Only 2848 cars were built before the Edsel Motor Division was closed on November 19, 1959.
Edsel's failure
Edsel's failure is very famous because it failed after Ford put US$400,000,000 into its development. It had many innovations which are still in use today, including brakes which adjusted themselves and a very powerful V-8 engine called the "FE-series" that would be used for many years in later Fords. Also, the car did not live up to all of the promises in the advertisements before it was released. Some people blamed the look of the new car because of its very unusual grille shaped like a horse's collar. One famous quote from an auto writer said that the Edsel looked like "an Oldsmobile sucking on a lemon." Quality of the Edsel was a problem as well. Even the name was a problem to some buyers. Worst of all, the U.S. was entering a period of recession. All car sales were down.
Many drivers did not like having the automatic transmission as push-buttons mounted on the steering wheel hub. Since this was the place the horn was normally found, drivers ended up shifting gears instead of honking the horn.
The planned 1960 Edsel Comet compact car was relabeled Mercury Comet and sold more cars in its first year than all models of Edsel ever produced.
Fewer than 6,000 Edsels survive and today they are considered collectors’ items, with convertibles sometimes selling for over US$20,000 if in good condition. As usual with classics, hardtop models are worth considerably less, station wagons less than that, and sedans least of all. It is possible to get a very good 1959 sedan for about US$3000–$3500.
Other websites
Edsel.com History, specifications, resources for owners.
Ford
1957 establishments in the United States
1960 disestablishments in the United States |
| 70 | 15227 | 57611 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1966%20FIFA%20World%20Cup | 1966 FIFA World Cup | The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup. It was held in England from 11-30 July. England was chosen as hosts by FIFA to celebrate 100 years of football in England. England won the final beating West Germany 4-2. This was England's first (and so far only) World Cup win. England also became the first host to win since Italy won it in 1934. Later Germany, Argentina and France won it at their homes.
Participants
The following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.
AFC (1)
CAF (0)
None participated
OFC (0)
None qualified
CONCACAF (1)
CONMEBOL (4)
UEFA (10)
(hosts)
Results
Round 1
Group A
Group B
Group C
Group D
Round 2
Quarterfinals
Portugal 5-3 Korea DPR
England 1-0 Argentina
West Germany 4-0 Uruguay
Soviet Union 2-1 Hungary
Semifinals
West Germany 2-1 Soviet Union
England 2-1 Portugal
3rd place
Portugal 2-1 Soviet Union
Final
England 4-2 West Germany
England won the championship.
References
FIFA
Details at RSSSF
|
FIFA World Cup tournaments
1960s in England
1966 FIFA World Cup
July events
Football in England |
| 71 | 22275 | 84386 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guayacanes | Guayacanes | Guayacanes is a village in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba.
Other websites
Information on Guayacanes (Spanish)
Maps of Guayacanes
Geographical data of Guayacanes
Settlements in Cuba
Villages in North America |
| 72 | 20936 | 80504 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maloja%20%28district%29 | Maloja (district) | Maloja () is a district of the canton of Graubünden, Switzerland. It has an area of and a population of 17,810 people (as of December 2004). Most of the population of Maloja speaks Italian.
It contains 2 Kreise (sub-districts) and 16 municipalities:
Districts of Graubünden |
| 73 | 16035 | 61588 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khayyam | Khayyam | Khayyam could mean:
Khayyam, Iran
Mohammed Zahur Khayyam (20th century), Indian music composer
Kerry Thornley (1938-1998), co-founder of Discordianism, who wrote as Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst
Omar Khayyám (1048-1131), Persian poet, mathematician, philosopher and astronomer
Omar Khayam (born 1983),British protester who dressed as a Suicide bomber
Surnames |
| 74 | 17075 | 64757 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kom%C3%A1rno | Komárno | For the town in the Ukraine see Komarno
Komárno is a town in the southwest of Slovakia. It is an important, historical town which is famous for having the largest fortification in Europe.
The river Vah flows into the Danube at Komárno. The Danube at this point forms the border between the countries Slovakia and Hungary. The Hungarian name for the town is Komárom.
History
At first there was just one town, with the Danube flowing through the middle of the town. Since the end of World War I, when Czechoslovakia became a separate country from Hungary, the town has been split into two: Komárno is on the left (north) bank of the river, now in Slovakia, and Komárom is on the right (south) bank of the river, in Hungary. Komárno has a population of 37.000 and Komárom has a population of 19.600. The two towns are joined by a bridge.
People have lived in the area of Komárno for thousands of years. The first castle was built in the 10th century. In 1244 a law was made which said that every merchant who sailed a boat down the Danube past Komárno had to stop for several days in Komárno and unload all the cargo so that people could buy it if they wanted. If the merchant did not want to do this he had to pay a large duty (amount of money) to continue his journey. This law was stopped in 1751.
In the 15th century Komárno had become very important. The rulers and the court of the kingdom of Hungary often stayed there. The fortress was very powerful and they managed to fight off Turkish invaders after the Turks had already captured Esztergom and Buda. The fort was badly damaged in 1783 in an earthquake, but it was built up again because of the Napoleonic wars.
Today Komárno is a nice town to visit. There are many tourist attractions, especially the fort which is on the Hungarian side of the town (Komárom). There are also spa health centres where people can swim or bathe gently in the waters which help to make people who are ill healthy again.
Notable people
Famous people who were born in Komárno are:
Mór Jókai, (1825-1904), a famous Hungarian writer
Franz Lehár (1870-1948) – the Hungarian-born Austrian composer who wrote popular operettas such as "The Merry Widow"
Slovak-born Canadian Hollywood movie director Ivan Reitman (1946- )
References
Settlements in Slovakia
Towns in Europe |
| 75 | 17919 | 67520 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine%20translation | Machine translation | Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the acronym MT, is part of computational linguistics. It looks at the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.
At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for words in another (see: Literal translation).
Current machine translation software often allows to adapt the translation to subject or profession (such as weather reports) — to improve output by limiting the allowable substitutions. This technique is very effective in domains where formal or formulaic language is used. It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more readily produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.
Quotes
In the words of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT):
Related pages
Translation
Literal translation
Notes
References
Other websites
International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)
Association for Machine Translation in the Americas (AMTA)
European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT)
Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (APAMT)
Association for Computational Linguistics
Machine Translation, an introductory guide to MT by D.J.Arnold et al. (1994)
Machine Translation Archive by John Hutchins. An electronic repository (and bibliography) of articles, books and papers in the field of machine translation and computer-based translation technology
Machine translation (computer-based translation) — Publications by John Hutchins (includes PDFs of several books on machine translation)
NIST 2006 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results
NIST 2005 Machine Translation Evaluation Official Results
Machine Translation and Minority Languages
John Hutchins 1999
SMT An article on statistical machine translation in general and Language Weaver in particular
Free online machine translation powered by PROMT Supports 24 language directions and the following languages: English, Russian, German, French, Spanish, Italian and Portuguese.
How the Computer Translates An article on machine translation from the founder of PROMT . broken link
Software
Linguistics
Languages |
| 76 | 22863 | 86782 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accommodation%20%28eye%29 | Accommodation (eye) | Accommodation is the way the eye increases optical power (the degree to which the lens converges or diverges light). This is necessary to produce a clear image (focus) on an object when it draws near the eye. A lens that is more convex( fatter in the middle) would refract more light rays than a less convex lens (thinner lens). The lens can change shape because the cells of the lens contain an elastic crystalline protein. The young human eye can change focus from distance to seven centimeters from the eye in 350 milliseconds.
The eye focuses on a given object by changing the shape of the eye lens through accommodation. This is controlled by ciliary muscle,which surrounds the lens.
Other websites
pupilEyes - Learn about accommodation of the eye
Optometry
Eye anatomy |
| 77 | 21986 | 83707 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buttwil | Buttwil | Buttwil is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
The village is 2 km west of Muri.
References
Municipalities of Aargau |
| 78 | 7585 | 24517 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advaita%20Vedanta | Advaita Vedanta | Advaita Vedanta is a school in Hinduism. People who thoroughly explore Advaita know that their soul is not different from Brahman. The most famous Hindu philosopher who taught about Advaita Vedanta was Adi Shankara who lived in India more than a thousand years ago.
History
Adi Shankara learned the sacred texts of Hinduism, like Vedas and Upanishads under his teacher Govinda Bhagavadpada and later wrote extensive commentaries of Hindu sacred texts called Upanishads. In these commentaries, he proposed the theory of Advaita, saying that the Upanishad actually teach that the individual soul (called Atman) is not different from Ultimate Reality (called Brahman). He also taught that there is only one essential principle called Brahman and everything else is a kind of expression of that one Brahman. Because of this theory of one being, his teachings became popular as the "Advaita" (a = not, dvaita = two, means no-two or non-dual). The way he said this to people was "Atman is Brahman."
Adi Shankara was smart and knew that people would wonder how he could say such an odd thing. He realized that many people would ask him, "If a person's soul is really one with Ultimate all along, then what makes a person feel so separate from Ultimate?" His answer to this was that we are ignorant of our real self being Ultimate because we see through a kind of filter—like looking through a dirty piece of glass—and he called this filter we look through, maya, which means "illusion" in Sanskrit.
Shankara said that our ignorance makes us feel very separate from Ultimate, and even from everything around us. Shankara suggested that the best way people can find the truth is for them to try to clear their thinking of all ignorant thoughts, be very good, and think very hard about who they really are. He said that if a person did all these things he would realize that Brahman was himself all along.
This is a very similar idea to other religions at their esoteric core. For instance within Islam there is an idea of annihilation within the divine, Fana and Waḥdat al-Wujūd (Unity of Existence)
References
Other websites
Advaita Vedanta of Shankaracharya Portal
Hinduism |
| 79 | 13340 | 48926 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry%20Connick%20Jr. | Harry Connick Jr. | Harry Connick, Jr. (born September 11, 1967) is an American singer, piano player and actor. He plays jazz music mostly, but also pop music. In 2014, he became a judge on American Idol.
His father is former New Orleans district attorney Harry Connick Sr..
Albums
2007 Oh, My NOLA
2007 Chanson du Vieux Carre
2006 Harry on Broadway, Act I
2005 Occasion : Connick on Piano, Volume 2
2004 Only You
2003 Harry for the Holidays
2003 Other Hours : Connick on Piano, Volume 1
2002 Thou Shalt Not
2001 Songs I Heard
2001 30
1999 Come By Me
1997 To See You
1996 Star Turtle
1994 She
1993 When My Heart Finds Christmas
1992 25
1991 Blue Light, Red Light
1990 Lofty's Roach Souffle
1990 We Are in Love
1989 When Harry Met Sally...
1988 20
1987 Harry Connick Jr.
1978 Eleven
1977 Dixieland Plus
DVD movies
2008 P. S., I Love You
2007 Bug
2004 Mickey
2003 Basic
2001 Life Without Dick
2000 The Simian Line
2000 My Dog Skip
1999 Wayward Son
1999 The Iron Giant
1998 Hope Floats
1997 Excess Baggage
1996 Independence Day
1995 Copycat
1991 Little Man Tate
1990 Memphis Belle
Other websites
Harry Connick Jr. internet site
Harry Connick Jr. internet site on Sony Music
connick.com - fans of Harry Connick, Jr.
Harry Connick, Jr. music videos (Sony BMG)
1967 births
Living people
American movie actors
American pianists
singers from Louisiana
actors from Louisiana
Musicians from Louisiana |
| 80 | 19678 | 75394 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolomeo%20Tromboncino | Bartolomeo Tromboncino | Bartolomeo Tromboncino (born Verona around 1470; died in or near Venice in 1535 or later) was an Italian composer. He lived in the Renaissance period. He is famous as a composer of songs called frottole. He is also remembered because he murdered his wife.
We know very little about his life. He probably grew up in Mantua. In a letter he says that he came from Verona. Until around 1500 he lived and worked in Mantua, but sometimes he went to other towns when he was in trouble. In 1499 he found his wife with another man, so he murdered her. He may also have murdered the other man. We cannot be sure about this.
He does not seem to have been punished. This may be because a rich lady called Isabella d'Este liked him.
From 1502 Tromboncino was employed by a rich lady called Lucrezia Borgia. She is remembered today because she was a very bad woman. He wrote music for the court and for her wedding to Alfonso d'Este. Sometime before 1521 he moved to Venice, where he probably spent the rest of his life.
His frottole are very lively and full of fun. He played the trombone. This is how he got his name. He also wrote some serious sacred music.
1470s births
16th-century deaths
Italian composers
Renaissance composers
People from Verona |
| 81 | 11891 | 43660 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20the%20Great | Alfred the Great | Alfred the Great (c. 849 - 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. He was the first monarch from the British Isles to style himself as 'King of the Anglo-Saxons' and so he is sometimes considered the first English king. Alfred started the Royal Navy in the 9th century
Early childhood
Alfred was the youngest son of King Æthelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Osburga, Athelwulf's butler. Alfred was born in 849 in the royal village of Wantage then in Berkshire. In the world he grew up in there was constant talk and fear of Viking raiders. For fourteen years they had been raiding but a year after Alfred's birth they remained all winter. The Viking menace was now settled on the island of Thanet in Kent.
When he was about four, Alfred's mother, Osburga, died. At age twelve, Alfred had difficulty finding a qualified teacher to help him learn to read and write. He finally overcame the problem and learned to read and write by using the writings of the church. At some point in his childhood Alfred was made a consul(a high rank in Anglo-Saxon England styled on the Roman office of consul). The ceremony involved him receiving a red cloak, a jeweled belt and a sword. This ceremony meant he was not destined to join the church, as the younger sons typically were. His life as an adult would be as a nobleman and possibly, if he survived his four older brothers, as king, someday.
Before he was seven years old, he had traveled to Rome twice. In 853, Alfred was sent with an escort and met Pope Leo IV. In 855 King Æthelwulf traveled to Rome taking his young son Alfred with him. They stayed in Rome a year and returned through France. There, king Æthelwulf and his son Alfred stayed at the court of Charles the Bald. Æthelwulf became engaged to Charles's eldest daughter, Judith, then about aged twelve. That same October, they were married at Verberie in northern France.
Succession
While Alfred and his father were in Rome and France, 855-856, his older brother Athelstan had died. On the king's return his son Ethelbald, with his followers. was threatening a civil war. To prevent this from happening Æthelwulf stepped down as king. He gave the rule over Wessex to his son Ethelbald. He took over the rule of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey ruling Wessex as the under-king with his child bride Judith sharing his throne. In 858 king Æthelwulf died.
Ethelbald, now the undisputed king, next did the unexpected. He married his and Alfred's stepmother Judith. According to Asser, all men in England were horrified. Two years later in 860, Ethelbald was dead. Alfred's third brother, Ethelbert, succeeded to the throne. He united all of Wessex into one kingship. Queen Judith sold all of her extensive holdings in England and returned to France.
The next brother to rule Wessex was Ethelbert. In the same year he succeeded his brother there was a great Viking raid on the south coast of England. The Vikings plundered Winchester the chief city of Wessex and obtained a great deal of plunder. As they returned to their ships they were ambushed by Anglo-Saxons from Hampshire and Berkshire. A few survived and returned to their ships. For the next three years Southern England was free of Viking raids. But the year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They gained control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham.
Meanwhile, King Ethelbert died in early 866. So far all the brothers had been childless and so the succession was passed from brother to brother. The fourth brother in line was Ethelred. He became king in 866. It was at this time Alfred was given the title of Secundarius (Latin for secondary). In effect it meant he was given regal power over part of the kingdom or limited joint authority over the entire kingdom. in 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred and Alfred for their help against the Danes (Vikings). But their forces together could not defeat the Danes. By 871 the Mercians and East Anglians had been defeated. Only Wessex could mount an army against the Vikings. That year Wessex was invaded by a large Danish army. After many battles the Anglo-Saxons were able to slow the Danes' progress. Ethelred died. He left a young son named Ethelwald who later rebelled against Edward the Elder.
King of Wessex
Alfred became king in the middle of this conflict. But before the end of the year he succeeded in effecting a peace, probably by paying a sum of money to the invaders.
Alfred earned the name 'the Great' by defending the kingdom from Viking invasions. Alfred was a scholar and encouraged education in the kingdom as well as improving the legal system.
King of the Anglo-Saxons
By the close of the ninth century the four independent kingdoms of England had been reduced to just one. Wessex was the only remaining kingdom not destroyed by the Vikings. Beginning about 886 Alfred claimed to be the king of all the English. The exception was those parts of England that were under Danish rule. This was the beginning of unifying England under a single king. For many Alfred was the first king of the English. But he did not technically rule all of England. That distinction was given to Athelstan (ruled 924–939). King Ethelstan was Alfred's eldest grandson.
In the 880s Alfred formed a marriage alliance with Mercia, still a powerful kingdom. his daughter, Æthelflæd, married king Æthelred, of Mercia. After his death Ethelflaeda ruled as Queen of Mercia.
By 890 Alfred was making literacy among his people a priority. There were still Viking attacks, so Alfred was still telling his people to continue fighting and not give up. Alfred died in 899. He was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder who was crowned on Whitsunday (8 June) 900.
Family
In 868 Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Ethelred, surnamed Mucill, Ealdorman of the Gainas. Together they had several children:
Edward the Elder (–925). Succeeded his father. His son Athelstan is considered to be the first King of England.
Ethelweard (–922).
Ethelflaeda (died 919), Lady of Mercia, she married Ethelred, Lord of Mercia.
Elgiva (Ethelgiva), Abbess of Shaftesbury.
Elftryth, married Baldwin II, Count of Flanders.
Edmund (died young).
Notes
References
Other websites
Britannia: Kings of Wessex
849 births
899 deaths
House of Wessex
Kings of Wessex |
| 82 | 19675 | 75385 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetta | Quetta | Quetta () is the capital and largest city of Balochistan province in Pakistan. It is famous for its climate and buildings. It is to the north of Balochistan, 133 kilometers away from Spin Buldak, Afghanistan.
In 1935, a powerful earthquake hit Quetta. The earthquake was felt between 2:30 am to 3:40 am. It resulted in the collapse of buildings, that is why there is no historical building in Quetta.
History
Quetta is also spelled Kuwatah which is a variation of Kot, a Pashto word meaning "fortress".
Quetta was captured by Mehmood Ghaznavi in the 11th century. The Khans of Kalat ruled Quetta until 1556 when the Persians conquered the city, only to have it retaken by Mughal Emperor Akbar in 1595. Despite all this, the Khans of Kalat were successful in restoring their rule in the region by the 18th century.
The predominantly Muslim population supported the Muslim League and the Pakistan Movement. On joining Pakistan, Quetta was made the capital city of the newly created province of Balochistan.
Geography
Quetta lies close to the borders of Afghanistan. Traders and invaders have passed through Quetta since pre-historic times. Quetta is 1,645 meters above the sea level. It is near the Hazarganji-Chitan National Park.
It has a cold and windy in winter moderate summers.
References
Other websites
Quetta, Google Maps
Capital cities in Pakistan
Cities in Pakistan |
| 83 | 8463 | 28759 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz%20al-Abub | Aziz al-Abub | Aziz al-Abub (a.k.a. Ibrahim al-Nadhir or al-Nahdhir) was a Lebanese Hezbollah psychiatrist and mind control expert.
Aziz was a disciple of Ewen Cameron and a graduate of the Soviet Union's Patrice Lumumba Institute that specialized in mind control techniques.
Aziz al-Abub used mind-control, drugs and physical torture in the infamous 444-day (1984-1985) torture and mental derangement of American William Buckley in Beirut.
Year of birth missing
Lebanese Muslims
Lebanese nationalists
Lebanese terrorists
Muslim terrorists
Psychiatrists |
| 84 | 398 | 815 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue | Synagogue | A synagogue is a place where Jews meet to worship and pray to God.
In Hebrew, a synagogue is called beit knesset, which means, a "house of gathering". The word "synagogue" comes from sunagoge, which is a Greek word. In a synagogue, Jews carry out the Jewish services, which consist of prayers, sometimes with special actions.
A synagogue will usually have a large room for prayers. There might be some smaller rooms for studying. There will be some offices. There will also usually be a big room for special events.
The front of a synagogue faces towards Jerusalem in Israel. In the front is the holiest part of the synagogue, the Ark. This is a closet which has the Torah scrolls inside. The Torah scrolls have the holy writings of Judaism on them. The Ark usually has a curtain in front of it.
On top of the Ark is light which is always lit, called the “Eternal Lamp”. It is a symbol which means that God is always there.
Every synagogue has a raised platform called the “Bimah”. The person who reads the Torah scroll stands there when he reads. The Bimah is either in the middle of the hall, or in front of the Ark.
In some synagogues men and women sit in different places. Some synagogues even have a short wall so that they can not see each other. This is so that the people will think about the prayers better.
Jews may call synagogues by different names. Many Orthodox and Conservative Jews living in English-speaking countries use the name "synagogue" or the word "shul", which is Yiddish. Jews who speak Spanish or Portuguese call synagogues esnoga. Some Jews call the synagogue a temple.
Jewish worship does not have to be carried out in a synagogue. It can be wherever a minyan of ten Jews are. It could be in someone's home or anywhere such as a cruise liner or an airplane. Some synagogues have a separate room or torah study, this is called the "beth midrash" meaning house of study. Some kinds of Jewish worship can be done alone or with fewer than ten people.
Synagogues are places were Jews can worship.
Judaism |
| 85 | 8598 | 29158 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisation | Improvisation | Improvisation is the art of performing without a script or rehearsal.
Music
In music, improvisation is the art of playing an instrument (or singing) in which the musician or musicians make up the music as they play. Improvising is inventing at the same time as one does something. Some musicians only play music when they have written music in front of them, but it can be great fun to improvise music. It is a way of composing. Improvisation is common during a jam session.
In Baroque times, all musicians were taught to improvise because composers often did not bother to write all the notes down. Musicians would have improvised lots of ornaments, and even whole sections.
Many great composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven and Franz Liszt were famous for their keyboard improvisations.
Organists are often expected to improvise during a service. In this way they can fill in gaps in the service when there would otherwise be silence, they can make a smooth link between one piece of music and the next, and they can create the right atmosphere. In Baroque times, in the Lutheran church, organists would improvise a chorale prelude. This was a piece of music which uses the melody of the chorale (hymn) that the congregation sang. Bach was one of many composers who wrote many of his chorale preludes down. In more recent times, some famous concert organists often finish an organ recital by playing an improvisation. This might be quite a long piece with several linked movements, finishing with a fugue. Somebody may give them the theme written on a piece of paper, so that it is quite unprepared. Charles Tournemire, Marcel Dupré, Pierre Cochereau, Pierre Pincemaille are known to be great organ improviser.
A lot of people who play folk music improvise. Traditional folk music would not have been written down.
In traditional jazz the musicians usually improvise. It is quite tricky when a group of people are improvising together. They have to listen to one another and get ideas from one another. It can be a very exciting way of making music.
Comedy
Improvisation also refers to a type of performance. Improvisation (or improv for short) is often used in comedy. Actors or Improvisers will create an entire show that they make up as they go along. They will often ask the audience for an idea or suggestion. They will then do a short performance based on the suggestion. This lets them do many different short performances during each night's show. This is called "Short-form improv".
musical performance techniques
Plays
Theatrical forms |
| 86 | 11652 | 42810 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake%20Victoria | Lake Victoria | Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nnalubaale) is a lake in Africa. It is bordered and governed by the countries of Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. The lake is in the western part of Africa's Great Rift Valley.
Lake Victoria is 68,800 square kilometres (26,560 mi²) in size. It is Africa's largest lake, and the second largest fresh water lake in the world. It was named for Queen Victoria. The White Nile flows out of the lake.
Other websites
Lake Victoria Citizendium
Lakes of Africa
Geography of Tanzania
Uganda
Geography of Kenya |
| 87 | 4038 | 12405 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%20Blanc | Mel Blanc | Melvin Jerome "Mel" Blanc (born Melvin Jerome Blank ; May 30, 1908 – July 10, 1989) was an American voice actor and radio personality. Nicknamed The Man of a Thousand Voices, he was best known for his voices in Looney Tunes and Hanna-Barbera cartoons, among others.
Blanc was born on May 30, 1908 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Lincoln High School in San Francisco. He was married to Estelle Rosenbaum from 1933 until his death in 1989. He has a son, Noel Blanc. Blanc died on July 10, 1989 from heart disease, aged 81.
The characters he voiced and the years he started doing them
Porky Pig (1935)
Daffy Duck (1937)
Bugs Bunny (1940)
Cecil Turtle 1941 ["Tortoise Beats hare"]
Dopey (1941-1967)
Tweety Bird (1942)
The Hep Cat (1942)
Old man [1943] ["Tortoise winds by a hare"]
Yosemite Sam (1945) ("Hare Trigger")
Pepe LePew (1945)
Herman Goering [1945] ("Herr Meets hare")
Adolf Hitler [1945] ("Herr Meets hare")
Joseph Stalin [1945] ("Herr Meets Hare")
Sylvester the cat (1946) aka Thomas (1947) in some films
Foghorn Leghorn (1946)
Henery Hawk (1946)
Hugo [1946] [Rackateer Rabbit]
Police Detective [1946] {Rackateer Rabbit]
Charlie Dog (1947)
Wile E. Coyote (1948)
K-9 (1948) (sidekick to Marvin the Martian)
Marvin the Martian (1948)
Road Runner (1948)
Captain Bligh [1948] ["Buccaneer Bunny"]
Polly the parrot [1948] ["Bucceneer Bunny"]
Game Commissioner [1949] ["Rebel Rabbit"]
Police Guard [1949] ["Rebel Rabbit"]
Congressman [1949] ["Rebel Rabbit"]
Crew member [1949] ["Mutiny on the Bunny"]
Woman [1949] ["Bowrey Bugs"]
Swami [1949] ["Bowery Bugs"]
Irish NYPD Policeman [1949] ["Bowery Bugs"]
Prison Guard Sam Schultz [1950] ["Big House Bunny"]
Prison Warden [1950] ["Big House Bunny"]
Pigeon [1950] {"Big house Bunny"]
Rocky [1954] {"Bugs and Thugs"]
Mugsy [1954] ["Bugs and Thugs"]
Policeman on phone [1954] {"Bugs and Thugs"]
Policeman [1954] ["Bugs and Thugs"]
The Tasmanian Devil (1954)
Speedy Gonzalez (1955)
Sportscaster [1955] ["Roman Legion_Hare"]
Roman Soldier [1955] ["Roman Legion Hare"]
Emperor Nero [1955] ["Roman Legion-Hare"]
Charles M. Wolf [1958] ["Hare-Less Wolf"]
Elmer Fudd (1959, assumed from Arthur Q Bryan)
Railroad Station Announcer / Mexican Character / Maxwell Car / Carmichael Pet Polar Bear / Polly Pet Parrot / Salesman / Violin Teacher Professor LeBlanc [The Jack Benny show (Radio and TV)]
Jack Benny's Maxwell Car/Ed the Cheese Vault Guard [1959] [The Mouse That Jack Built]
Barney Rubble (1960)
Dino (1960) (Fred Flintstone's pet.)
Cosmo G. Spacely (1962) also same character in last film [1990] Jetsons the Movie
Spoiled King [1962] ("Shiskabugs")
Head Devil [1963] ["Devil's Feud Cake"]
Colonel Zachary GAtor (1963 episode of Wally Gator)
Secret Squirrel (1964-1965)
Hardy Harr Harr (1965-1966)
Bubba McCoy from "Where's Huddles?"
Captain Caveman
Chug-a-Boom / Ant Hill Mob / Bully Brothers from "The Perils of Penelope Pitstop" and "Wacky Races"
Twiki from Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1979)
Heathcliff (1981 / appeared in syndication from 1986-1988)
Other websites
1908 births
1989 deaths
Actors from San Francisco
American movie actors
American radio actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Cardiovascular disease deaths in the United States
Deaths from stroke |
| 88 | 21064 | 80817 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coefficient%20%28disambiguation%29 | Coefficient (disambiguation) | Coefficient could have one of the following meanings:
In mathematics, a coefficient is a constant multiplication of a function was once called its differential coefficient, a usage now mostly displaced by the modern term.
In physics, a physical coefficient is an important number that characterizes some physical property of an object.
Also,
The Coefficients were an Edwardian London dining club. |
| 89 | 7950 | 26326 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/KGB | KGB | KGB is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee. It was the main internal security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. It was formed in 1954 as a successor of earlier agencies, the Cheka, NKGB, and MGB.
During the Cold War, the KGB suppressed "ideological subversion". This meant suppressing unorthodox political and religious ideas, and the people who held those ideas. It was Soviet policy for the KGB (and the secret services of the satellite states) to monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible counter-revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc.
The KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of "Socialism with a Human Face", in 1968 Czechoslovakia. A record of some of its doings is contained in the Mitrokin Archive.
Different stages
From 13 March 1954 to 6 November 1991, KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.
In March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agencythe MVD. In December of that year, Beria and six associates were executed and the MVD split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers.
On 5 July 1978 the KGB was renamed as the "KGB of the Soviet Union", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat. The KGB ended when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources to help the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairmanand mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On 6 November 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although Russia's new national security organisation, the Russian Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti (FSB), works in the same things that the Soviet KGB did.
Belarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the national security organization is still called "KGB". Belarus is where Felix Dzerzhinsky started a group called the Cheka, which was an organization in the Soviet Union before the MVD or the KGB was started.
Notes
Other websites
KGB Info from FAS.org
Chebrikov, Viktor M., et al., eds. Istoriya sovetskikh organov gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti. (1977)
Committee for State Security -Citizendium
Soviet Union
Intelligence agencies
1954 establishments
1950s establishments in the Soviet Union
1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union |
| 90 | 15732 | 60240 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20denomination | Christian denomination | The word denomination is used for a large group of Christian people right across the world who use the same name, the same sort of organisation and have the same (or very similar) beliefs. Christianity is divided into ten main groups. These groups all branched out at different dates from the early Christianity founded by the followers of Jesus. The splits generally happened because they could not agree on certain beliefs or practices. The groups then divided into smaller groups. Each group that has its own separate name is a "denomination". The word "denomination" means "Being given a name”
Denominations
Worldwide Christianity is divided into 10 major groups :
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)
Church of the East (Nestorian)
Anglican
Lutheran
Reformed
Anabaptist
Evangelical
Nontrinitarian
Each of these ten has important subdivisions. There are also other (smaller) groups that are not mentioned here.
The Evangelical and Nontrinitarian branches of Christianity are much more divided up than any of the others. Each separate Evangelical church is often called a "denomination". While the Roman Catholic Church looks to a single earthly leader, the Pope, and has similar beliefs right across the world, the several Protestant denominations do not look to a single leader and sometimes have beliefs that are very different from each other.
Many Christian denomination see themselves as part of the worldwide Church which includes other denominations as well. Some denominations, such as the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches and some Protestant Churches, believe that they are the only true Christian church.
Some denominations have beliefs which almost all the other denominations would disagree with, very strongly. These beliefs are called "heresy" by the other churches.
There were some movements considered heresies by the early church which do not exist today and are not generally referred to as denominations. Examples include the Gnostics (who had believed in an esoteric dualism), the Ebionites (who venerated Christ's blood relatives), and the Arians. The greatest divisions in Christianity today, however, are between Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and various denominations formed during and after the Protestant Reformation. There also exists in Protestantism and Orthodoxy various degrees of unity and division.
Comparisons between denominations must be approached with caution. For example, some churches are part of a larger church organization or diocese, while in other groups, each congregation is an independent organization. This issue is further complicated by the existence of groups of congregations with a common heritage that are officially nondenominational and have no centralized authority or records, but which are identified as denominations by non-adherents. Study of such churches in denominational terms is therefore a more complex proposition.
Numerical comparisons are also problematic. Some groups count membership based on adult believers and baptized children of believers, while others only count adult baptized believers. Others may count membership based on those adult believers who have formally affiliated themselves with the congregation. In addition, there may be political motives of advocates or opponents of a particular group to inflate or deflate membership numbers through propaganda or outright deception.
Related pages
Religious denomination
List of Christian denominations by number of members
Other websites
Christian Denominations History, profiles and comparison charts of major Christian denominations.
Denominational links from the Ecumenism in Canada site
The Christian Post
Canadian Church Headquarters
The Eastern Christian Churches – A Brief Survey
Denominations at WikiChristian
Map Gallery of Religion in the United States |
| 91 | 10520 | 37396 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving | Diving | Diving is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform.
Underwater diving includes Scuba diving. Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport. Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic. An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.
Diving in water
There are six different types of dives, and four different body positions that a person can use when diving.
Types of dives
There are six different types of dives. Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water. The other two dives can be a part of the first four. For example, a diver can do a "inward twisting" or a "forward armstand" dive. The basic types of dives are:
Forward – The diver faces towards the water and rotates forward.
Backward – The diver stands with their back towards the water and rotates backwards, away from the board.
Reverse – The diver faces towards the water and rotates backwards, towards the board.
Inward – The diver faces away from the water and rotates forward, towards the board.
Twisting – A twisting dive is any of the other dives in which the diver twists their body to the left or right.
Armstand – An armstand dive is where the diver begins the dive from a handstand position. They are not standing on their feet at the beginning of this type of dive.
Body positions
The four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free.
Tuck – The body is bent at the waist and knees. The thighs are close to the chest and the heels of the feet are close to the buttocks.
Pike – The diver's legs are straight. Their body is bent at the waist. The position of the arms is chosen by the diver. They are often pointed towards the toes.
Straight – There is no bend in the body at all. There could be a small arch of the back depending on the type of dive.
Free – The free position is not an actual body position. It is where the diver uses more than one position. It is usually used when doing a dive with a somersault or a twist in it
Dive Numbers
Dives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.
100's=Forward
200's=Backward
300's=Reverse
400's=Inward
A-Straight
B-Pike
C-Tuck
D-Free
Every Half flip the number on the end goes up by one
For example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c
Related pages
Scuba diving
Swimming
Summer Olympic sports |
| 92 | 15033 | 56679 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zippo | Zippo | A Zippo lighter is a refillable metal lighter made by Zippo Manufacturing Company since 1933. Many different styles have been made since 1933, such as the pipe Zippo, for lighting pipes. Many people collect Zippos. Some Zippos are worth a lot of money.
Zippo lighters are wind-proof, which means that the wind can not blow them out. The most common fuel for Zippos is naphtha.
1932 establishments
Tools
Smoking |
| 93 | 658 | 3070 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea%20F.C. | Chelsea F.C. | Chelsea F.C. is an English football club that plays in the English Premier League. Their home stadium is Stamford Bridge in Fulham, London.
Chelsea is considered to be one of the most successful clubs of England, having won many trophies, including 6 Premier League, 2 UEFA Champions League, 2 UEFA Europa League, 5 League Cup, 8 FA Cup, 1 UEFA Super Cup and 2 UEFA Cup Winners' Cup titles. Their all-time highest goalscorer is Frank Lampard and their most successful goalkeeper (on the basis of clean sheets and titles statistics) is Petr Čech. Chelsea is owned by the Russian billionaire businessman Roman Abramovich.
There was a supposed breakaway European Super League that Chelsea were apart of but this quickly collapsed as many English teams pulled out due to fan disagreement. Chelsea were the first of the English teams to pull out after Chelsea fans protested outside of the stadium before their match against Brighton.
History
Chelsea started in 1905 and played the second division of the league. They won their first trophy in 1955, when they became Champions of the First Division. They won the FA Cup in 1970, 1997, 2000 and 2007. They won the League Cup in 1965, 1998, 2005 and 2007. In 1970s Chelsea failed to maintain their position of the first division, due to the financial difficulties. In 1990s they challenged the title of Premier League. They came close but did not win it until 2005 and 2006.
In 2003 the Russian billionaire, Roman Abramovich, purchased Chelsea and invested lots of capital to employ new football players. He also hired Luiz Felipe Scolari as the manager of the club. Abramovich also employed Peter Kenyon as the chief executive to be responsible for the commercial strategies of the club. This made Chelsea stronger, and they won the Premier League in consecutive years. A third straight FA Premier League title slipped through Chelsea's fingertips after their failure to defeat Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium, meaning that Manchester United had won their ninth league title in fifteen tries.
On September 20, 2007, the very successful manager José Mourinho left the club by "mutual consent". This exit came just days after a shockingly poor performance which saw them barely scrape out a 1-1 draw in a Champions League tie against Norwegian side Rosenborg B.K.. Following Mourinho's exit, Chelsea made Director of Football Avram Grant, the former manager of Israel from 2002 to 2006, the new manager of the club, until May 2008. Grant took over with Chelsea trailing in the Premier League "title race" behind Manchester United and Arsenal, and managed to keep Chelsea in the hunt for the league until the last game of the season. He got Chelsea into the Champions League Final for the first time as well as the Carling Cup Final, but he was sacked at the end of the season, along with assistant Henk ten Cate. Grant was sacked from the job after he lost in the final in a 5-6 penalty shootout loss to Manchester United and replaced by Luiz Felipe Scolari, the then-Portugal coach, in August. However, after a poor run of results Scolari was sacked on February 9, 2009. Guus Hiddink took over the club until the rest of the season. In early June they played in the FA Cup final against Everton, where Chelsea won 2-1, after Frank Lampard and Didier Drogba scored goals. In that final, Louis Saha of Everton scored the fastest goal in FA Cup history, in 25 seconds. A week later, the former Milan manager Carlo Ancelotti was named as the new manager of Chelsea. Antonio Conte was their manager until July 2018 and helped them win the 2016/17 league title. Frank Lampard, former Chelsea player, became Chelsea F.C.'s successor manager. He was sacked in mid-season of 2020/21 following series of poor performances. Thomas Tuchel replaced him, and successfully took Chelsea to the finals of UEFA Champions League 2020/21, played against Manchester City, held in Istanbul, Turkey. Chelsea won the final 1-0, with the winning goal scored by Kai Havertz.
League position
Former position
First-Team Squad
Notable players
Frank Lampard
John Terry
Didier Drogba
Petr Čech
Michael Ballack
Michael Essien
Andriy Shevchenko
Joe Cole
Florent Malouda
Ashley Cole
Eden Hazard
Peter Bonetti
Wayne Bridge
Claude Makélélé
William Gallas
Jimmy Greaves
Peter Osgood
Dennis Wise
Ruud Gullit
Mark Hughes
Gianfranco Zola
Celestine Babayaro
Tore André Flo
Marcel Desailly
Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink
Damien Duff
Shaun Wright-Phillips
References
1905 establishments in England
Premier League clubs
Football clubs in London |
| 94 | 24108 | 92987 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec%20Guinness | Alec Guinness | Sir Alec Guinness (2 April 1914 - 5 August 2000) was an Academy Award winning English actor. He was born in London. He is well known for the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi, a "Jedi master", in the Star Wars movie series (Episodes IV, V, and VI), a role that he was embarrassed with. He won an Academy Award for "Best Actor in a Leading Role". He got this award for acting in the movie The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957). Guinness also received a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for that movie. He has also received a Tony Award. In 1989 he received a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. Guinness died from liver cancer in Midhurst, West Sussex, in 2000.
Other websites
1914 births
2000 deaths
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Cancer deaths in England
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Companions of Honour
Deaths from liver cancer
English movie actors
English Roman Catholics
English stage actors
English television actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Knights Bachelor
People from Paddington
Tony Award winning actors |
| 95 | 4454 | 13971 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven | Heaven | Heaven also known as Paradise or garden is a place where good people go when they die. It is a concept of the afterlife (what happens after somebody dies) in many religions. Some people who believe in heaven say it is a perfect place. They believe heaven is where people go after they die if they have been good in life. Some people also believe in Hell, a place bad people go when they die if they have been bad in life. Ideas of Heaven and Hell are not the same in all religions.
In Christianity
According to the Bible, there are different meanings for the word:
Sky – the atmosphere that covers the Earth. The first time that it rained, it says, God opened "the windows of heaven."
Outer space – the sun, moon, stars, planets, etc.
The place where God lives and rules eternally. The people called prophets in the Bible, like Isaiah, often spoke of a physical Kingdom of Heaven that will occupy a new Earth, and ruled by God (Messiah) in the flesh himself, where we will have physical bodies that do not die.
The Bible does not have a lot to say about what it looks like. The apostle Paul tells about a vision he had of being taken up to "the third heaven," where he saw and heard things too wonderful to describe. But, much of what Christians believe Heaven to be like comes from the vision that John saw in a vision while praying, including:
The glory of God is the light (no sun)
Heaven is where all the true believers go.
You never sleep because of your purified new body
Has 12 gates made of pearl
Walls made of jasper
Streets made of pure gold
A river of life
Trees on each side of the river
Catholics believe Mary is the Queen of Heaven, officially defined by Pope Pius XII in 1954. However many Protestants see this as not in the Bible.
In Islam
According to the Quran and Hadith, Heaven is a place of reward for those believers who accept the true faith and practices the teaching of Prophet Muhammad. The eternal life will be perfect, with thousands of types of food and clothing more beautiful than humans could ever imagine. There will also be no sad feelings, stress or pain and related problems of life.
In Bahá'í Faith
Baha'is believe that Heaven or (hell) being specific places as symbolic. The Aqdas, the holy book of Baha'is, along with other Baha'i books, describe heaven as a "spiritual condition" where being close to God is called heaven. Hell is seen as being separated from God. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Bahá'í Faith, said that the afterlife is beyond human understanding.
In Paganism
Summerland is the name given by Wiccans and other Pagan (old European religions) to their belief of afterlife (life after death).
References
Afterlife |
| 96 | 6277 | 20029 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mackinac%20Island | Mackinac Island | Mackinac Island is an island in Lake Huron. It is part of the U.S. state of Michigan and is 8 miles (13 kilometers) around.
Many people go to see Mackinac Island in the summer because the island passed a local law that says that no one can use a car on the island. Everybody has to ride a horse or a bicycle. In recent years, young people have been using roller skates or roller blades to get around the island. There is a narrow paved road that follows the 8 miles of shoreline. This road is for horses (and their buggies), bicycles, skaters and joggers or just people taking a long walk.
In order to get to Mackinac Island, visitors have to buy a ticket on a ferry boat. The boat ride has views of Lake Huron and the Mackinac Bridge. After they get to Mackinac Island, many visitors buy locally made fudge.
Islands of the United States
Geography of Michigan |
| 97 | 8847 | 29952 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arges | Arges | Arges, Argeş, or Argeș might mean:
Arges (Cyclops), a Cyclops in Greek mythology
Places in Romania
Argeș County, a county
Argeș River, a river in the south of the country
Curtea de Argeş, a city along the banks of the Argeş River
Ţinutul Argeş, a former administrative division |
| 98 | 6089 | 19548 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Paul%20Stevens | John Paul Stevens | John Paul Stevens (April 20, 1920 – July 16, 2019) was an American lawyer. He was a United States Supreme Court justice. He was nominated by President Gerald Ford in 1975. He voted with minority in Bush v. Gore case (2000). He also voted with majority in Furman v. Georgia case (1976), but later became against the death penalty. In 2010, he announced his retirement in the Supreme Court.
Stevens died on July 16, 2019 from problems caused by a stroke while under hospice care in Fort Lauderdale, Florida at the age of 99.
References
1920 births
2019 deaths
Deaths from stroke
United States Supreme Court justices
Military people from Chicago
Lawyers from Chicago |
| 99 | 9822 | 33554 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazio | Lazio | Lazio (Latin: Latium) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in central Italy. The capital is Rome.
Geography
The region is in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered to the northwest by the Tuscany region, to the north by the Umbria region, to the northeast with the Marche region, to the east with the Abruzzo and Molise regions, to the southeast is the Campania region and to the west is the Tyrrhenian Sea. The Vatican City is within the region.
The main river in the region is the Tiber. The highest mountain in the region is Monte Gorzano, on the border with the Abruzzo region, with an altitude of .
The Pontine Islands () are an archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea off the west coast of Italy. They are part of Lazio.
Provinces
Lazio has four provinces and one Metropolitan city (Rome).
Largest municipalities
The 10 communi with more people living in it are:
References
Other websites
Lazio Region Official site |
| 100 | 16798 | 64048 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmond%20Keosayan | Edmond Keosayan | Edmond Keosayan (; Leninakan, now Gyumri, October 9, 1936 - Moscow, April 21, 1994) was an Armenian Soviet movie director and musician. From 1954 to 1956 Keosayan studied in Plekhanov Moscow Institute of Economy. From 1956 to 1958 he studied in Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. In 1964, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK (E.Dzigan's master class). Since 1964 Keosayan has been a director at Mosfilm Studio. He has worked worked a few times for Armenfilm Studio.
He was also a Master of Ceremonies of the Soviet State Variety Orchestra.
His films are mainly in the Armenian and
Russian languages.
Filmography
1964: Where are you quiet Maxim? (Gde ty teper, Maxim?)
1966: The Elusive Avengers (Neulovimye mstiteli/Неуловимые мстители)
1968: The New Adventures of the Elusive Avengers (Novye priklyucheniya nuelovimykh/Новые приключения неуловимых)
1971: The Crown of the Russian Empire or Once again the Elusive Avengers (Korona Rossiyskoy imperi, ili snova neulovimykh
1973: Tghamardik (Russian: Muzhchiny, English The Men)
1975: Moratsvatz heqiatneri kirtche (Russian: Ushchele pokinutykh skazok, English: The Canyon of Deserted Tales)
1975: When September comes (Kogda nastupayet sentyabr)
1978: Huso Astgh (Star of Hope, Russian: Zvezda nadezhdy, alternative Armenian title: Mkhitar sparapet)
1980: Legend tzaghratzui masin (Russian: Legenda o skomorokhe, English: Legend of the Clown)
References
Armenian movie directors
1936 births
1994 deaths |
| 101 | 22434 | 84902 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCfenach | Rüfenach | Rüfenach is a municipality of the district of Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Municipalities of Aargau |
| 102 | 24282 | 93633 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankt%20Wendel%20%28district%29 | Sankt Wendel (district) | Sankt Wendel is a Kreis (district) in the north of the Saarland, Germany. Neighboring districts are Trier-Saarburg, Birkenfeld, Kusel, Neunkirchen, Saarlouis, Merzig-Wadern.
History
The district was created in 1834 when Prussia bought the Lichtenfeld area from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. After World War I the Saar area came under special rulership of the League of Nations, and the Sankt Wendel district was split into two parts. The northern part, the Restkreis Sankt Wendel, was merged into the district Birkenfeld, the southern part stayed in the Saarland in its smaller size.
Geography
The district is located in the Saar-Hunsrück natural area, a hilly area with elevations between 200 and 600 meters.
The main river in the district is the Nahe. The Bostalsee is the biggest tourist lake in the south-west of Germany, covering an area of about 1.2 km2.
Coat of arms
Towns and municipalities
References
Other websites
Official website (German)
Touristic website
Districts of the Saarland |
| 103 | 15157 | 57250 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphous%20solid | Amorphous solid | An amorphous solid does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape. It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms. Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids.
An amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.
Solids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other. But their properties are, of course, enormously different. While a solid material has both a well-defined volume and a well-defined shape, a liquid has a well-defined volume but a shape that depends on the shape of the container. Stated differently, a solid exhibits resistance to shear stress while a liquid does not. Externally applied forces can twist or bend or distort a solid’s shape, but (provided the forces have not exceeded the solid’s elastic limit) it “springs back” to its original shape when the forces are removed. A liquid flows under the action of an external force; it does not hold its shape. These macroscopic characteristics constitute the essential distinctions: a liquid flows, lacks a definite shape (though its volume is definite), and cannot withstand a shear stress; a solid does not flow, has a definite shape, and exhibits elastic stiffness against shear stress.
Related pages
Glass
Crystalline
Other websites
Vogel-Tammann-Fulcher Equation Parameters
Fragility thy name is glass
Matter |
| 104 | 6428 | 20357 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air%20Supply | Air Supply | Air Supply is a pop music singing group. They formed in Melbourne, Australia in 1976.
The current members are Russell Hitchcock (born June 15, 1949 in Melbourne) and Graham Russell (born June 1, 1950 in Nottingham, England). In 1981 they got with their song "The One That You Love" a number one hit in the United States. They had their most popular times during the early 1980s.
Australian rock bands
Australian pop music groups
Musical duos
Musical groups from Melbourne
Musical groups established in 1975
1975 establishments
1970s establishments in Australia |
| 105 | 5837 | 18907 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence%2C%20Rhode%20Island | Providence, Rhode Island | Providence is the capital and the most populous city of Rhode Island. It was one of the first cities established in the United States. It is located in Providence County. It is the third largest city in the New England region. In the 2010 census, the city proper population was 178,042. The area is the 37th largest metropolitan population in the country, with an estimated MSA population of 1,600,856. This is more people than the population of Rhode Island due to the area reaching into southern Massachusetts. Providence is at the mouth of the Providence River, at the head of Narragansett Bay. The city's small footprint is crisscrossed by streets at odd angles and has a rapidly changing distribution of residents.
Providence was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams, a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He named the area in honor of "God's merciful Providence" which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle. The official name of the state includes the name of the city, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. After being one of the first cities in the country to industrialize, Providence became noted for its jewelry and silverware industry. Today, the City of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning, which has shifted the city's economy into service industries, although it still retains significant manufacturing activity.
From colonial times to the mid-19th century, the Rhode Island General Assembly rotated meetings between the state's five county court houses. After 1853 the state legislature stopped meeting at the Kent, Washington and Bristol county courthouses, but continued to alternate its sessions between Providence State House and the Newport State House in Newport. Early in the 20th century, Providence became the only capital of the state.
Hurricanes
On September 21, 1938, a severe Category 3 hurricane struck Providence and nearby areas. Providence was flooded with storm surge. Another hurricane hit the region in September 1944 near the Connecticut-Rhode Island border. Ten years later, Hurricane Carol struck the area as a Category 2 hurricane, bringing severe storm surge and wind to the Providence area. The storm killed 17 in Rhode Island.
Highways and Interstates
I-95 runs from north to south through Providence. I-195 connects the city to eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts, including New Bedford, Massachusetts, and Cape Cod. I-295 encircles Providence while RI 146 provides a direct connection with Worcester, Massachusetts. The city's Iway project is moving I-195 to free up land and to reunify the Jewelry District with Downcity Providence. I-195 currently separates these two neighborhoods. The project is estimated to cost $446 million and be completed in 2012.
Colleges and Universities
The flagship campuses of five of Rhode Island's colleges and universities are in Providence (city proper):
Brown University, an Ivy League university and one of nine colonial colleges in the nation.
Johnson & Wales University
Providence College
Rhode Island College, the state's oldest public college.
Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
References
Other websites
City of Providence official website
County seats in Rhode Island
State capitals in the United States |
| 106 | 10492 | 37287 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIBA%20Basketball%20World%20Cup | FIBA Basketball World Cup | The FIBA Basketball World Cup, known as the FIBA World Championship from 1950 through 2010, is a world basketball tournament for men's national teams held once every four years by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). After the 2014 FIBA World Cup, the tournament will move to a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the FIFA World Cup. To that end, no tournament will be held in 2018; the FIBA World Cup will resume in 2019.
The current champions are Spain. They defeated Argentina 95-75 in the 2019 tournament at the Cadillac Center in Beijing, China.
Tournaments
Related pages
Basketball
References
Notes
Basketball |
| 107 | 22304 | 84482 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianosa | Pianosa | Pianosa is a small (about 10 km2) island in Italy's Tuscan Archipelago. The name is derived from the latin word "planasia" (plain) because its highest point is some 22 meters over sea level. Pianosa has no permanent residents. It is known in Italy for a maximum-security prison, where especially dangerous Mafia criminals are held. For administration, Pianosa is part of the Elba island municipality. On clear days, it can be seen from that island as a dark blue line over the lighter blue sea.
In the novel Catch-22, a U.S. Army Air Corps bomber squadron is based on the island during World War II,
There is another, even smaller island called Pianosa off the Adriatic coast of Italy.
Other websites
Tourist information
Islands of Italy |
| 108 | 22813 | 86565 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugs | Drugs | Drugs change the way the body works. It could mean:
Medicine - Special chemicals or herbs given to people by a doctor when they are sick
Illegal drugs - Chemicals, pills, liquids, or parts of plants that people take to make them feel a certain way |
| 109 | 10 | 19 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farming | Farming | Farming is growing crops and keeping animals for food and raw materials. Farming is a part of agriculture.
Agriculture started thousands of years ago, but no one knows for sure how old it is. The development of farming gave rise to the Neolithic Revolution as people gave up nomadic hunting and became settlers in cities.
Agriculture and domestication probably started in the Fertile Crescent (the Nile Valley, the Levant and Mesopotamia). The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Wheat and barley are some of the first crops people grew. People probably started agriculture slowly by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than hunter-gatherers can feed on the same amount of land.
This allowed the human population to grow to such large numbers as there are today.
Types
Arable farming
Arable farming means growing crops. This would include wheat or vegetables. Growing fruit means having orchards devoted to fruit. They cannot be switched easily with growing field crops. Therefore they are not classed as arable land in the statistics.
Agriculture is not only growing food for people and animals, but also growing other things like flowers and nursery plants, manure or dung, animal hides (skins or furs), leather, animals, fungi, fibers (cotton, wool, hemp, and flax), biofuel , and drugs (biopharmaceuticals, marijuana, opium).
Many people still live by subsistence agriculture, on a small farm. They can only grow enough food to feed the farmer, his family, and his animals. The yield is the amount of food grown on a given amount of land, and it is often low. This is because subsistence farmers are generally less educated, and they have less money to buy equipment. Drought and other problems sometimes cause famines. Where yields are low, deforestation can provide new land to grow more food. This provides more nutrition for the farmer's family, but can be bad for the country and the surrounding environment over many years.
In some countries, farms are often fewer and larger. During the 20th century they have become more productive because farmers are able to grow better varieties of plants, use more fertilizer, use more water, and more easily control weeds and pests. Many farms also use machines, so fewer people can farm more land. There are fewer farmers in rich countries, but the farmers are able to grow more.
This kind of intensive agriculture comes with its own set of problems. Farmers use a lot of chemical fertilizers, pesticides (chemicals that kill bugs), and herbicides (chemicals that kill weeds). These chemicals can pollute the soil or the water. They can also create bugs and weeds that are more resistant to the chemicals, causing outbreaks of these pests. The soil can be damaged by erosion (blowing or washing away), salt buildup, or loss of structure. Irrigation (adding water from rivers) can pollute water and lower the water table. These problems have all got solutions, and modern young farmers usually have a good technical education.
Farmers select plants with better yield, taste, and nutritional value. They also choose plants that can survive plant disease and drought, and are easier to harvest. Centuries of artificial selection and breeding have changed crop plants. The crops produce better yield. Fertilizers, chemical pest control, and irrigation all help.
Some plants are improved with genetic engineering. One example is modifying the plant to resist herbicides.
Food
It is important for there to be enough food for everyone. The food must also be safe and good. People say it is not always safe, because it contains some chemicals. Other people say intensive agriculture is damaging the environment. For this reason, there are several types of agriculture.
Traditional agriculture is mostly done in poor countries.
Intensive agriculture is mostly done in countries with more money. It uses pesticides, machinery, chemical fertilizers.
Organic farming is using only natural products such as compost and green manure.
Integrated farming is using local resources, and trying to use the waste from one process as a resource in another process.
Agricultural policy focuses on the goals and methods of agricultural production. Common goals of policy include the quality, amount, and safety of food.
Problems
There are some serious problems that people face trying to grow food today.
These include:
Pollution
Erosion
Diseases
Pests
Weeds
Drought
Rainfall
Climate
Contamination
Crops
The major crops produced in the world in 2002, are maize (corn), wheat, rice, and cotton.
Maize 624 million metric tons
Wheat 570 million metric tons
Rice 381.1 million metric tons
Cotton 96.5 million metric tons
Related pages
Aquaculture
Bee keeping
Animal husbandry
Fertilizers
Crop rotation
Urban farming
Breeding
Fencing
Ranching
Plantation
Crop protection
Agriculture by country
Agriculture in Azerbaijan
Agriculture in Pakistan
References |
| 110 | 23420 | 90018 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%B3%20language | Caló language | Caló (or Spanish Romani) is a dialect spoken by the Gitanos or Zincarli (also calés, "dark ones") that came to Spain. Caló uses Romani vocabulary with Spanish grammar,
as Spanish Roma lost the full use of their ancestral language. The language is mainly used for private talking between Roma people.
Notes and references
Other websites
Calo
Romani Language
Indo-Aryan languages
Roma |
| 111 | 19065 | 72086 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism | Realism | Realism is a way of portraying or thinking about reality. The word "realism" is used in many liberal arts in many different ways (such as in music, painting, and philosophy). It usually means trying to be true to reality. This is where the word "realistic" comes from. Realism is usually seen as an opposite of romanticism and idealism. It is also sometimes seen as an opposite of liberalism and classicism. It is used mainly to describe the way that some artists treat making art. These artists try to focus on the world as it really is, without unrealistic or supernatural ideas.
Realism began as an art movement and in the 19th century. These realists wanted to give an accurate description of nature and of the way people lived. Realism can also apply to artists and artworks from before the 19th century though.
Origins
The word "realism" first appeared in 1794, as the opposite of idealism in art and philosophy. The French magazine () used the word in 1826. It said that realism was the art-style of being accurate to real life, rather than following art of the past. Around this same time, realism was thought to have been one of the styles of philosophy within scholasticism. Then in the 1840s, realism began as an art movement in France. It focused on realistic modern life without avoiding what was unpleasant. It also focused on the lower or middle classes.
Realism in liberal arts
In music
In music there was a movement called Verismo which was the Italian word for "reality". Verismo was popular in Italian opera around the end of the 19th century and early 20th century. Puccini was an opera composer whose style is typical of Verismo.
In painting and drawing
In politics and history
In politics, realism focuses on conflict and the harsher parts of history.
In writing and philosophy
Realism as a literary movement began in Germany. The poet and writer Heinrich Heine tried in his books to accept the world as it is instead of trying to escape from it. Realistic writers tried to find good things about society. The interest in realism led to a movement called naturalism. This meant describing scenes in nature accurately. The novelist Emile Zola was a naturalist.
In philosophy, realism is also a way of thinking about knowledge and reality. It is usually the view that a particular thing is real whether or not it is known about. In fact, one person can be a realist about some things and a non-realist about other things. For example, some realists say that the past really happened no matter what we think about it. Other realist philosophers say that there are morals that really exist as facts. This is different from philosophers who say that things only exist because of people who are aware of them. For example, a non-realist philosopher might say beauty only exists because someone sees something that they think is beautiful. A realist philosopher might instead say that beauty is there whether anyone sees it or not.
Other styles
The term social realism describes an art form in America in the 1930s which expressed social protest in a naturalistic way. This is different from what is usually called socialist realism which was a term used by Soviet politicians from 1932 to the mid 1980s to describe art which showed the workers' struggle, glorifying the Soviet Union.
In the early 20th century Realism led to other movements such as Dadaism and Surrealism.
References
Philosophical movements and positions
Art movements
Literature
Music |
| 112 | 450 | 949 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20language | Chinese language | The Chinese language is the group of languages used by Chinese people in China and elsewhere. It forms part of a language family called the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
Chinese includes many regional language varieties, the main ones being Mandarin, Wu, Yue and Min. These are not mutually intelligible and many of the regional varieties are themselves a number of non-mutually-intelligible subvarieties. As a result, many linguists refer to these varieties as separate languages.
'Chinese' can refer to the written or the spoken languages. Although there are many spoken Chinese languages, they use the same writing system. Differences in speaking are reflected in differences in writing. Official China adopts a similar policy to the one in the Soviet Union, using one official language so people can understand each other. The Standard Chinese language is referred to as Mandarin in English, "Pǔtōnghuà" or "common to everybody speech" in mainland China and "Guóyǔ" or "language of the whole country" in Taiwan. All official documents in Pinyin are written in Mandarin and Mandarin is taught all over China. It is also a standard for language teaching in some other countries.
Chinese is used by the Han people in China and other ethnic groups in China who are declared Chinese by the Chinese government. Many people in autonomous regions of China speak other languages. Chinese is almost always written in Chinese characters. They are symbols that have meaning, called logograms. They also give some indication of pronunciation, but the same character can get very different pronunciations among the different kinds of Chinese. Since Chinese characters have been around for at least 3500 years, people in places far from each other say them differently, just as "1, 2, 3" can be read differently in different languages.
Chinese people needed to write down pronunciations in dictionaries. Chinese does not have an alphabet, so how to write down sounds was a big problem in the beginning. Nowadays the Mandarin language uses Hanyu Pinyin to represent the sounds in Roman letters.
All the Chinese languages (or dialects) use tones. This means that they use high and low pitches to help make differences in meaning clear.
Different languages or dialects of Chinese
The Chinese language is like a big tree. The base of the tree started thousands of years ago. It now has several main limbs. Some people call "just a branch" what other people call a main limb, so you can say there are six or seven main limbs. Each of these main limbs splits off into branches about the way there are branches of English spoken in Great Britain, the United States, Australia, India, and so forth. Just as the Romance languages all come from the area around Rome and are based on Latin, the Chinese languages all have some common source, so they keep many common things among them.
Here are the main seven main groups of languages/dialects of Chinese by size:
Guan ("Northern" or Mandarin), 北方話/北方话 or 官話/官话 (about 850 million speakers),
Wu, 吳/吴, which includes Shanghainese (about 90 million speakers),
Yue (Cantonese), 粵/粤 (about 80 million speakers),
Min (Hokkien, which includes Taiwanese), 閩/闽 (about 50 million speakers),
Xiang, 湘 (about 35 million speakers),
Hakka, 客家 or 客 or "guest family" speech (about 35 million speakers),
Gan, 贛/赣 (about 20 million speakers)
Traditional and simplified characters
In 1956, the government of the People's Republic of China made public a set of simplified Chinese characters to make learning, reading and writing the Chinese language easier. In Mainland China and Singapore, people use these simpler characters. In Hong Kong, Taiwan and other places where they speak Chinese, people still use the more traditional characters. The Korean language also uses Chinese characters to represent certain words. The Japanese language uses them even more often. These characters are known in Korean as Hanja and in Japanese as Kanji.
A Chinese person with a good education today knows 6,000-7,000 characters. About 3,000 Chinese characters are needed to read a Mainland newspaper. However, people who have learned only the 400 most frequently used characters can read a newspaper—but they will have to guess some less-used words.
Examples
Here are some samples of some words and sentences in Mandarin Chinese. Simplified Characters are on the left, and Traditional characters are on the right. The pronunciation is given in the pinyin system, which may not always be as simple as it looks for those who have not studied it.
The Traditional Characters are now used in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Chinese from Mainland China uses the Simplified Characters, but may recognize Traditional Characters.
Before 1956, Chinese was written using only Traditional Characters. At that time most Chinese people could not read or write at all. The government of the People's Republic of China thought that the Traditional characters were very hard to understand. They also thought that if they made the characters simpler more people could learn how to read and write. Today, many people in China can read and write with the new Simplified Characters.
Related pages
Standard Chinese
Mandarin Chinese
Cantonese language
References
Other websites
Chinese Flashcard Website Learn Chinese Online
I Love Chinese Learning Chinese Magazine
Learn Chinese Free Chinese Learning Lessons and mp3
Free Chinese Character Input Software Google Pinyin Input Software
Chinese Pinyin a brief introduction to standard Chinese phonetic system
Day Day Up Chinese Online Chinese textbook
Direct method of learning Chinese—no English translation. A wok is just a wok.
Study More Chinese social network for Mandarin learners with videos, blogs, forum.
iChineseLearning A site for learning Chinese through skype Chinese lessons.
yimusanfendi Fact About yimusanfendi
Tonal languages |
| 113 | 13016 | 47779 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles | Angles | The Angles were a Germanic people of unknown origin. Their name seems to be connected with Angeln, a modern district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles, together with the Jutes, Saxons and Frisians, were among the Germanic tribes who sailed across the North Sea in the 5th century to invade Britain. The various tribes were later called "Anglo-Saxon".
References
Other websites
English and Welsh are races apart; BBC; 30 June, 2002.
Germanic tribes
Schleswig-Holstein |
| 114 | 18095 | 68048 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%20Guang | Li Guang | Li Guang (; ? – 119 BC) was a Chinese general of the Han Dynasty. His father, Li Xin, was a great military leader. Li Guang became a soldier when he was young. As Li Guang fought bravely in the battlefields, he was soon promoted to a general. He killed himself in the year 119 BC.
119 BC deaths
Han Dynasty generals
Year of birth unknown |
| 115 | 5406 | 17643 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1186 | 1186 | Year 1186 (MCLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
John the Chanter becomes Bishop of Exeter.
January 27 – Constance of Sicily marries Henry (the future Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor).
The Byzantine Empire recognises the indepence of Bulgaria.
Guy of Lusignan becomes King of Jerusalem.
Births
May 18 — Konstantin of Rostov, Prince of Novgorod (d. 1218)
Queen Urraca of Portugal spouse of King Afonso II of Portugal (d. 1220)
Hugh Bigod, 3rd Earl of Norfolk (d. 1225)
Iziaslav IV Vladimirovich, Grand Prince of Kiev
Ögedei Khan, third son of Genghis Khan and second Great Khan of the Mongol Empire (d. 1241)
Song Ci, Chinese physician and judge (d. 1249)
Deaths
May 29 or June 23 or June 24 — Robert of Torigni
August 19 — Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany (b. 1158)
Baldwin V of Jerusalem (b. 1177)
William of Tyre, Archbishop of Tyre (b. c. 1130)
Minamoto no Yukiie, Japanese warlord |
| 116 | 2415 | 7783 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton | Brighton | Brighton is a city on the south coast of England. It was called "Brighthelmstone". It is in the county of East Sussex. In 2000, it joined Hove to become the city of Brighton & Hove. Historically, Brighton forms the main part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation, with 474,485 inhabitants (2011 census). This is England's 12th largest conurbation, and the mostly densely populated area outside London.
History
From the 1730s, Brighton entered its second phase of development—one which brought a rapid improvement in its fortunes. The fad for bathing in seawater as a cure for illnesses was encouraged. From the 1760s it was a boarding point for boats travelling to France. Road transport to London was improved when the main road via Crawley was turnpiked in 1770. Spas and indoor baths were opened by physicians.
From 1780, development of Georgian terraced houses started. The fishing village developed to the fashionable resort of Brighton. Growth of the town was encouraged by the patronage of the Prince Regent (later King George IV) after his first visit in 1783. He spent much of his leisure time in the town, and had the Royal Pavilion built during the early part of his Regency.
The arrival of the London and Brighton Railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of day-trippers from London. Some major attractions such as the West Pier and the Brighton Palace Pier were built for the growing number of tourists. The population grew from around 7,000 in 1801 to more than 120,000 by 1901.
In 1984, a Provisional Irish Republican Army bombing killed five people.
Modern-day Brighton is a centre for education, sports, and recreation. It has two universities: University of Sussex and the University of Brighton. It also has 54 other schools.
In 2003, the universities of Sussex and Brighton formed a medical school, known as Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Brighton has a thriving LGBT community and every year in the first weekend in August Pride festivities are held.
Notable people
Dora Bryan - English actress
Henry Thrale - English politician. Lived in West Street. His good friend, Samuel Johnson, often stayed at his home.
Laurence Olivier - lived in the city for many years
Martha Gunn - famous Brighton dipper and favourite of George IV
Nick Cave - Australian musician, been living in the city since the 1980s
Rudyard Kipling - classical books author
References |
| 117 | 13054 | 47886 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984%20Summer%20Olympics | 1984 Summer Olympics | The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, United States from July 28 to August 12.
1984 Summer Olympics |
| 118 | 3022 | 9511 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High%20school | High school | High school is a kind of school, a place where people go to learn skills for future jobs. In a three-part system such as in the United States, children go to high school after middle school ("junior high"). In a two-party system such as in the United Kingdom, the change is from primary school to secondary school at 11 years of age.
In the United States, a high school is a school that students go to usually for grades 9 through 12, from the ages of about 14-15 to about 17-18. It is also the last school that the law requires the student to go to. However, students with behavioral issues that are too much for the school to handle are not required to attend. This is called expulsion. Some states have an age or certain grade where a student does not have to attend school, this is called the compulsory age, for example in New York, students below 17 years of age are required to attend school unless the child is excused. Some people may choose to take some tests called GED (General Education Development) as another way to finish high school. A student is allowed by law to stop going to high school after a certain age without having graduated. In most this is 16, however, in a few states, it is 18 or higher, for example, Wisconsin.
In the United Kingdom the law requires the student to go to school until 16. The term 'high school' is only used in Scotland.
The term 'Secondary School' is used for most of the UK instead of 'high school'.
'Secondary school' is school year 7-11; which is pupils aged 11-16.
There are public high schools and private high schools in the United States and many other countries.
References
Types of educational institutions |
| 119 | 7552 | 24372 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armour | Armour | Armour (or armor U.S.) is a protective covering or clothing to prevent injury from attack. Armour can be worn by a person, or it can be used to protect machines, animals, even buildings. Armour has always been made from the strongest materials available at the time, but weight has always been a problem. Early body armour was made from leather. Later, metals were used (e.g. mail or plate armour). Some modern armour, like bullet-proof vests, are made from plastics that do not stretch or break, such as Kevlar. These plastics may be woven into a cloth and used in layers, which makes them even stronger.
Plastic lamination (layers) is often used to protect windows against bullets. Many jewellery stores, embassies, and vehicles have bullet-proof glass with this feature.
For vehicles
Armour put on vehicles is usually made of metal and can include one layer over another with open spaces in between (spaced armour) or multiple layers of metal; ceramics (baked clay), and other materials. Another type of armour uses blocks of explosive that explode when another explosion goes off near it. This explosive armour protects by pushing against the other explosion. Vehicle armor is often angled to increase the amount of armour that must be shot through to get inside and to make the shot bounce off rather than piercing the armour.
Tanks have the heaviest armour of all land vehicles. Other military vehicles have armour, but not as much as a tank.
Sometimes armour is put in non-military vehicles, such as limousines used by leaders of a country or by anyone who thinks they might be attacked, e.g. film stars or presidents of major companies.
For animals
In the past, armour has also been used in wars to protect animals such as dogs, elephants, and horses. Today, police dogs and horses sometimes wear woven plastic bullet-proof vests.
For sports
Many sports involve violent physical contact and may be highly dangerous if the players are unprotected. Such sports include ice hockey, American football and kendo. Sports armour is usually made from hard plastic.
Military |
| 120 | 7365 | 23654 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi | Karachi | Karachi () is the largest city in Pakistan and the capital of the province of Sindh. Until 1958, it was also the capital of Pakistan. It is also called the City of Lights. It is also one of the world's biggest megacities. In 2017, there are about 17.63 million people who live in Karachi. It is the largest city in the Muslim world.
Karachi has many names including "Mai Kolachi Jo Goth" and "Karatishi". A native of Karachi is called a Karachiite. Quaid-e-Azam (Muhammad Ali Jinnah), who was the founder of Pakistan, was born and buried in Karachi. Karachi has two important regional seaports. Karachi also makes the largest share of Pakistan's GDP and national revenue.
Karachi has five districts: District South, District East, District West, District Central, and District Malir. The city is the financial and commercial center of Pakistan.
Karachi has 26 universities including the University of Karachi. It is home to the National Stadium, which hosts many cricket games, and several other sports complexes. The city has several long sandy beaches including Clifton/Kemari beach and Sandspit beach. Clifton beach suffered from an oil spillage but the beach was cleaned. Karachi has Pakistan's first nuclear site, KANUP in 1952 from Canada. Karachi hosted the first ever night hockey match between India and Pakistan in 1986 at Hockey Club of Pakistan Stadium.
Karachi has many large and small shopping areas including the Saddar area in downtown Karachi. Karachi also has a number of large modern shopping malls.
The city has a modern international airport (Jinnah International Airport) and two large shipping ports, the Port of Karachi and Port Qasim. Karachi is linked by railway to the rest of Pakistan.
Karachi has a hot desert climate (BWh in the Koeppen climate classification).
Related pages
Islamabad
Lahore
Peshawar
Quetta
References
Cities in Pakistan
Settlements in Sindh
Capital of Pakistan |
| 121 | 21272 | 81509 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hefenhofen | Hefenhofen | Hefenhofen is a municipality of the district of Arbon in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.
Municipalities of Thurgau |
| 122 | 12576 | 46262 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral | Coral | Corals are formed by small animals, the polyps of the phylum Cnidaria.
Characteristics
The corals are marine, either on continental shelves or round oceanic islands. They live in colonies.
All the polyps in a colony are zooids: they are all clones, genetically identical. Inside the colony they breed by asexual reproduction. They also reproduce sexually. Colonies of the same species release gametes together, over one, two or three nights around a full moon.
Each coral animal is like a small bag. The opening on top is the mouth. Tentacles (little arms) around the mouth carry stinging nematocysts, which paralyse the small animals eaten by the coral polyps.
Coral usually grows in tropical oceans. A few corals grow in cold water, like the oceans around the British Isles and Norway.
Symbiosis
Most corals get energy and nutrients from symbiosis with photosynthetic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae. Such corals need sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water, typically at depths less than 60 metres (200 ft).
Many corals (and some other cnidaria) live with zooxanthellae of the genus Symbiodinium, which are dinoflagellates. Usually, each polyp harbours one species of algae. By photosynthesis, these provide energy for the coral, and help calcification.
The algae benefit from a safe place to live and consume the polyp's carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste. Due to the strain the algae can put on the polyp, the coral often ejects the algae. Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching, because the algae contribute to coral's brown coloration. Ejection increases the polyp's chance of surviving short-term stress—they can regain algae, possibly of a different species, at a later time. If the stressful conditions persist, the polyp eventually dies.
Coral reefs
A coral reef is a place where many corals grow. The reef makes good places for many other animals, such as fish, crabs, clams, and sponges.
Each coral animal secretes calcium carbonate around itself. This makes the solid structure of the colony. When the animal dies, new polyps live on top of the older structure. The rock they make is also called coral.
They are called coral skeletons. Each different kind of coral colony builds a different kind of skeleton, so that colonies can be shaped like a brain, a mushroom, a cabbage, or many other things. With all these corals gathered together building skeletons around themselves, large coral formations are made. Together, all the coral formations in one place make up a coral reef.
Coral can also be used as jewellery.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Coral Reefs and Hard Grounds information from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute
Coral Reefs of the Tropics : facts, photos and movies from The Nature Conservancy
Australian Coral Records Research Group
Cnidarians |
| 123 | 18474 | 69333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/End%20of%20days | End of days | End of Days usually can mean:
End times in eschatology and religion.
"End of Days" has also been the title of a number of movies and television episodes:
End of Days (1999 movie), starring Arnold Schwarzenegger and directed by Peter Hyams
"End of Days" (Buffy episode), a season 7 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer
"End of Days" (Torchwood), a series 1 episode of Torchwood |
| 124 | 18867 | 70887 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soconusco | Soconusco | Soconusco is a region of the Mexican state of Chiapas. It is in the most southern part of the state. It borders the Republic of Guatemala on the southeast, the regions Costa, Sierra and Fraylesca of Chiapas on the east and north, and the shore of the Pacific Ocean on the southwest. It is a region of rich lowlands and foothills. The economic center of Soconusco is Tapachula.
The name comes from the Nahuatl word xoconostle, meaning the fruit of the prickly pear cactus. It was, under the Mexican culture, the farthest region of trade. The area provided jaguar pelts, cacao, and quetzal feathers for the ruling classes in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
The Soconusco region is the main coffee-producing region in Chiapas. It has many plantations farther inland in the foothills of the Sierra Madre del Sur.
Chiapas |
| 125 | 6966 | 21976 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic%20proof | Alcoholic proof | Alcoholic proof is a measure of how much ethanol there is in an alcoholic drink. It is commonly used the world over, on the basis that 100 degrees proof is the equivalent of 50 % alcohol by volume (ABV or Alc/Vol). In the United States, it is double the percentage of ABV.
Where it comes from
This system was introduced in the 18th century. The British claim that this term has a nautical background. Every evening, sailors would line up for their daily quota of grog/rum. This had to first be proved to be as strong as promised and not watered down. The spirit was tested with gunpowder: a mixture of water and alcohol proved itself when it could be poured on a small amount of gunpowder and still light up the wet powder. If the powder did not ignite, the mixture had too much water in it and the grog was considered below proof. It might have happened earlier, as the Americans claim that this definition came about in the 17th century when European traders began making a large quantity of distilled spirits and wine available to American Indians. The very same process led to the nickname firewater, this time given by Native Americans. There is no record of the finite strength of the distilled spirits in the context of its sale to or consumption by Native Americans.
A "proven" solution was defined as 100 degrees proof (100°). People have found out that this takes 57.15% ethanol. This value is still used as the British definition. A simpler ratio to remember is seven to four: 70° proof is 40% alcohol by volume.
A hydrometer can be used to measure the precise proof of a spirit. This test has gone through many formal changes.
Laws
EU
The European Union member nations have broadly adopted the recommendation of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) which measures percentage of alcohol by volume at 20 °C.
British proof spirits
In Britain, this replaced the Sikes hydrometer system (based on proof spirit) which was used since 1816, although officially the Customs and Excise Act of 1952 defined "spirits of proof strength" (or proof spirits):
"Spirits shall be deemed to be at proof if the volume of the ethyl alcohol contained therein made up to the volume of the spirits with distilled water has a weight equal to that of twelve-thirteenths of a volume of distilled water equal to the volume of the spirits, the volume of each liquid being computed as at fifty-one degrees Fahrenheit."
Previously, Clarke's hydrometer had been used since the 1740s when Customs and Excise and London brewers and distillers began to use Clarke's hydrometer.
United States
In the definition of the United States, the proof number is twice the percentage of the alcohol content measured by volume at a temperature of 60°F (15.5°C). Therefore, "80 proof" is 40% alcohol by volume (most of the other 60% is water). If a 150 proof beverage is mixed half-and-half with water, the drink is 75 proof.
US Federal regulation (CFR 27 5.37 Alcohol Content) requires that liquor labels state the percentage alcohol by volume (sometimes abbreviated ABV). The regulations permit (but do not require) a statement of the degrees proof as long as it is right next to the percentage alcohol by volume.
Alcohol during production
Alcohol is produced by yeast during the process of fermentation. The other product of fermentation is carbon dioxide, which is the gas that can make beer bottles explode or blow their tops off. The amount of alcohol in the finished liquid depends on how much sugar there was at the beginning for the yeast to convert into alcohol. In beer, the alcohol is generally 3% to 12% (6 to 24 proof) and usually about 4% to 6% (8 to 12 proof). Depending on the strain of yeast, wines top out at about 14% to 16% (28 to 32 proof), because that is the point in the fermentation process where the alcohol concentration denatures the yeast. Since the 1990s, a few alcohol-tolerant 'superyeast' strains have become commercially available, which can ferment up to 20%.
Very few microorganisms can live in alcoholic solutions. The main three are yeast, Brettanomyces, and Acetobacter. In what is essentially disinfection, yeast keeps multiplying as long as there is sugar to "eat", gradually increasing the alcoholic content of the solution and killing off all other microorganisms, and eventually themselves. There are "fortified" wines with a higher alcohol concentration than that because stronger alcohol has been mixed with them.
Stronger liquors are distilled after fermentation is complete to separate the alcoholic liquid from the remains of the grain, fruit, or whatever it was made from. The idea of distillation is that a mixture of liquids is heated, the one with the lowest boiling point will evaporate (or "boil off") first, and then the one with the next lowest boiling point, and so on. The catch is that water and alcohol form a mixture (called an azeotrope) that has a lower boiling point than either one of them, so what distills off first is that mixture of 95% alcohol and 5% water. Thus a distilled liquor cannot be stronger than 95% (190 proof); there are other techniques for separating liquids that can produce 100% ethanol (or "absolute alcohol"), but they are used only for scientific or industrial purposes. 100% ethanol does not stay 100% for very long, because it is hygroscopic and absorbs water out of the atmosphere.
References
Other websites
History of the Sikes Hydrometer
Alcoholic drink |
| 126 | 22094 | 83900 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallwil | Hallwil | Hallwil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.
Municipalities of Aargau |
| 127 | 4776 | 15093 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear%20Factory | Fear Factory | Fear Factory is an American death/industrial metal group. They were formed in Los Angeles, California in 1989 and disbanded in early 2002. They have reformed in the following year adding Byron Stroud (of Strapping Young Lad) as their current bass player. Their classic line-up was Burton C. Bell (vocals), Dino Cazares (guitars), Christian Olde Woblers (bass) and Raymond Herrera (drums) between 1994 and break up time.
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American heavy metal bands
Thrash metal bands
Death metal bands
Musical groups from Los Angeles |
| 128 | 2803 | 8744 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2031 | December 31 |
Events
Up to 1900
192 - Narcissus murders Roman Emperor Commodus.
406 - Vandals, Alans and Suebians cross the Rhine, beginning the invasion of Gaul.
1225 – The Ly Dynasty in Vietnam ends after 216 years, as Tran Thai Tong, still a boy, becomes Emperor. This is the beginning of the Tran Dynasty.
1472 – The throwing of snowballs is banned in Amsterdam.
1494 - First Italian War: Troops of King Charles VIII of France enter Rome.
1600 – The British East India Company is created.
1660 - James II of England is named Duke of Normandy by Louis XIV of France.
1687 - The first Huguenots set sail from France for the Cape of Good Hope.
1695 - Window tax is introduced in England. As a result, many people brick up their windows in order not to have to pay the tax.
1703 – An earthquake and tsunami damage Tokyo, Odawara and several nearby towns, killing around 10,000 people.
1720 – A storm flood ravages the North German coast, separating a dune on Heligoland from the main island.
1775 – American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Quebec, British forces repulse an attack by Continental Army General Richard Montgomery.
1790 - Efimeris, the oldest Greek newspaper still in print, is published for the first time.
1796 - Baltimore, Maryland, is incorporated as a city.
1857 – Queen Victoria chooses Ottawa as the capital of Canada.
1862 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Act creating the state of West Virginia and thus splitting Virginia in two.
1862 - American Civil War: The Battle of Stones River in Tennessee begins.
1862 - The battleship USS Monitor sinks in a storm in heavy seas off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
1878 - In Mannheim, Germany, Karl Benz files a patent on his reliable two-stroke gas engine.
1879 – Thomas Edison publicly demonstrates incandescent light in Menlo Park, New Jersey.
1891 – A new immigration depot is opened on Ellis Island, New York.
1901 2000
1904 – What is now Times Square, New York, holds its first New Year celebration.
1909 – The Manhattan Bridge is opened.
1917 - British troop transporter Osmanieh hits a mine laid by German U-boat UC 34 off Alexandria, Egypt, sinking with 99 deaths.
1923 – The BBC broadcasts the chimes of Big Ben in London for the first time.
1929 - The Glen Cinema Disaster in Paisley, Scotland, kills 70 children.
1944 – World War II: Hungary declares war on Germany.
1946 – President of the United States Harry S. Truman officially declares an end to hostilities in World War II.
1948 - The 100,000th landing of the Berlin Airlift occurs.
1951 - The Marshall Plan expires after giving over $ 13.3 billion to help war-torn parts of Europe.
1955 - General Motors becomes the first US Corporation to make over a billion US Dollars in a year.
1960 - The farthing coin stops being the legal tender in the United Kingdom.
1963 – The Central African Federation officially breaks apart, and eventually becomes Zambia, Malawi and Rhodesia.
1964 – A three-day census in East Germany ends, determining the population to be 17,003,632.
1965 – Jean-Bedel Bokassa leads a coup against David Dacko in the Central African Republic.
1968 – Marien Ngouabi becomes President of the Republic of the Congo.
1973 - AC/DC is formed.
1981 – In a military coup in Ghana, Jerry Rawlings takes control.
1983 – A military coup in Nigeria is led by Muhammadu Buhari.
1986 – In San Juan, Puerto Rico a fire at the Dupont Plaza Hotel kills 97 people.
1987 – Robert Mugabe becomes President of Zimbabwe.
1988 - Pittsburgh Penguins' Mario Lemieux becomes the only NHL player, to this date, to score goals in five different ways - even strength, shorthand, power play, penalty shot and empty net, in an 8-6 win over the New Jersey Devils.
1989 – Arved Fuchs and Reinhold Messner reach the South Pole on their cross-Antarctica journey.
1990 – Garry Kasparov successfully defends his world chess title against Anatoly Karpov.
1991 – The Soviet Union officially comes to an end.
1992 – Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolves, splitting into the Czech Republic and Slovakia the next day.
1994 – This date is skipped altogether in Kiribati, as the International Date Line is shifted to the east of the Line Islands and Phoenix Islands.
1999 – Boris Yeltsin resigns as President of Russia.
1999 – The Panama Canal is transferred from US control to Panama's control.
From 2001
2004 – The Taipei 101 tower is opened in Taipei, Taiwan.
2006 - The total of US troops killed in the Iraq War reaches 3,000.
2009 – In Espoo, Finland, Ibrahim Shkupolli shoots his former girlfriend dead, then shoots four people to death at a shopping mall before committing suicide.
2009 – The Ignalina power station in Lithuania is shut down.
2014 - The first same-sex marriages in Scotland take place.
2014 - US and UK forces withdraw from Afghanistan.
2014 - Beji Caid Essebsi becomes President of Tunisia.
2014 - A crush at a New Year celebration in Shanghai kills 36 people.
2015 - Fire breaks out at a hotel near the Burj Khalifa in Dubai.
2016 - Bomb attacks in Baghdad kill at least 28 people.
2017 - A bus crash near Migaa, Kenya, kills at least 36 people.
Births
Up to 1900
695 – Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi, founded Islam in South Asia (d. 715)
1378 – Pope Callixtus III (d. 1458)
1491 – Jacques Cartier, French explorer (d. 1557)
1499 - Diane de Poitiers (d. 1566)
1514 - Andreas Vesalius, Flemish anatomist (d. 1564)
1572 – Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan (d. 1617)
1585 - Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba, Spanish military leader and politician (d. 1645)
1668 - Herman Boerhaave, Dutch humanist and physician (d. 1738)
1720 – Charles Edward Stuart, pretender to the British throne (d. 1788)
1738 – Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis, British general (d. 1805)
1741 – Isabella Maria of Parma (d. 1763)
1798 - Friedrich Robert Faehlmann, Estonian physician, philologist and academic (d. 1850)
1815 - George G. Meade, American general and engineer (d. 1872)
1830 – Isma'il Pasha, Governor of Egypt (d. 1895)
1830 - Alexander Smith, Scottish poet (d. 1861)
1838 - Emile Loubet, President of France (d. 1929)
1842 – Giovanni Boldini, Italian painter (d. 1931)
1844 - Ebe W. Tunnell, Governor of Delaware (d. 1917)
1846 - Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis, Dutch politician (d. 1919)
1855 – Giovanni Pascoli, Italian poet (d. 1912)
1857 - King Kelly, American baseball player (d. 1894)
1860 - Berthold Lasker, German chess player (d. 1928)
1863 – Alfredo Panzini, Italian writer (d. 1939)
1864 - Hans am Ende, German painter (d. 1918)
1864 - Robert Grant Aitken, American astronomer (d. 1951)
1869 – Henri Matisse, French painter (d. 1954)
1874 - Julius Meier, German-American politician, 20th Governor of Oregon (d. 1937)
1877 – Viktor Dyk, Czech poet, dramatist and politician (d. 1931)
1878 – Elizabeth Arden, Canadian businesswoman (d. 1966)
1878 – Horacio Quiroga, Argentine-Uruguayan writer (d. 1937)
1880 – George Marshall, 50th United States Secretary of State (d. 1959)
1880 - Fred Beebe, American baseball player (d. 1957)
1881 – Max Pechstein, German painter (d. 1955)
1884 – Bobby Byrne, American baseball player (d. 1964)
1885 - Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein (d. 1970)
1899 – Silvestre Revueltas, Mexican composer (d. 1940)
1901 1950
1901 - Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime Minister of Finland (d. 1984)
1903 - Nathan Milstein, Ukrainian-born violinist (d. 1992)
1904 - Umm Kulthum, Egyptian singer (d. 1975)
1905 - Jules Styne, American songwriter (d. 1994)
1905 - Guido Mollet, Prime Minister of France (d. 1975)
1908 – Simon Wiesenthal, Austrian Holocaust survivor (d. 2005)
1909 - Jonah Jones, American jazz trumpeter (d. 2000)
1910 - Archie M. Gubbrud, Governor of South Dakota (d. 1987)
1914 - Yrjö Nikkanen, Finnish javelin thrower (d. 1985)
1918 - Ray Graves, American football player and coach (d. 2015)
1919 - Recy Taylor, American rape victim and civil rights activist (d. 2017)
1924 - Kjell Arnljot Wig, Norwegian media personality (d. 2015)
1924 – Taylor Mead, American actor (d. 2013)
1928 - Hugh McElhenny, American football player
1928 – Amarillo Slim, American professional poker player (d. 2012)
1928 - Veijo Meri, Finnish writer (d. 2015)
1928 - Siné, French cartoonist (d. 2016)
1929 - Mies Bouwman, Dutch entertainer (d. 2018)
1930 - Odetta, American singer (d. 2008)
1931 - George Ardisson, Italian actor (d. 2014)
1931 - Tom Rolf, Swedish-American film editor (d. 2014)
1931 – Mildred Scheel, German physician, cancer campaigner and First Lady (d. 1985)
1934 - Michael Bonallack, English golfer
1935 – Peter Herbolzheimer, German musician (d. 2010)
1935 - King Salman of Saudi Arabia
1936 – Siw Malmkvist, Swedish singer
1936 - Umaru Dikko, Nigerian politician (d. 2014)
1937 – Avram Hershko, Israeli biologist
1937 – Anthony Hopkins, Welsh actor
1937 - Carl Emil Christiansen, Danish footballer (d. 2018)
1938 – Rosalind Cash, American actress (d. 1995)
1938 - Marien Ngouabi, Congolese politician (d. 1977)
1939 - Peter Camejo, American politician (d. 2008)
1940 - Tim Considine, American actor
1941 – Alex Ferguson, Scottish football manager
1941 - Sean S. Cunningham, American movie director and writer
1941 - Sarah Miles, English actress
1942 - Taufiq Kiemas, First Gentleman of Indonesia (d. 2013)
1942 – Andy Summers, British guitarist
1943 – Ben Kingsley, British actor
1943 – John Denver, American singer-songwriter (d. 1997)
1943 - Pete Quaife, British musician (d. 2010)
1944 - Neil Ross, American voice actor
1944 – Taylor Hackford, American director and producer
1945 - Diane von Fürstenberg, Belgian-American fashion designer
1946 - Lyudmila Pakhamova, Soviet ice dancer (d. 1986)
1946 - Boris Dubin, Russian sociologist and translator (d. 2014)
1947 - Burton Cummings, Canadian keyboardist
1947 - Tim Matheson, American actor
1948 – Donna Summer, American disco singer (d. 2012)
1948 - Sandy Jardine, Scottish footballer (d. 2014)
1948 - Joe Dallesandro, American actor
1948 - Viktor Mikhailovich Afanasyev, Soviet-Russian cosmonaut
1951 1975
1951 – Tom Hamilton, American bassist (Aerosmith)
1954 – Alex Salmond, Scottish politician, 4th First Minister of Scotland
1954 – Hermann Tilke, German racing circuit designer
1954 – Ingibjorg Solrun Gisladottir, Icelandic politician
1956 - Robert Goodwill, English politician
1958 – Bebe Neuwirth, American actress
1959 – Baron Waqa, Nauruan musician and politician, President of Nauru
1959 – Val Kilmer, American actor
1959 – Paul Westerberg, American musician
1960 – Steve Bruce, English footballer
1960 – John Allen Muhammad, American spree killer (d. 2009)
1961 - Rick Aguilera, American baseball player
1961 - Jeremy Heywood, English economist and civil servant
1963 - Scott Ian, American guitarist
1964 - Michael McDonald, American actor and comedian
1965 – Gong Li, Chinese actress
1965 – Nicholas Sparks, American writer
1966 - Lisa Joyner, American journalist and actress
1970 – Bryon Russell, American basketball player
1972 – Grégory Coupet, French footballer
1974 – Mario Aerts, Belgian cyclist
From 1976
1976 - Matthew Hoggard, English cricketer
1977 - Psy, South Korean rapper
1977 - Donald Trump Jr., son of Donald Trump
1979 – Bob Bryar, drummer in My Chemical Romance
1980 – Richie McCaw, New Zealand rugby player
1980 – Fumie Suguri, Japanese figure skater
1981 – Margaret Simpson, Ghanaian athlete
1981 - Nathan Robinson, Canadian ice hockey player
1982 – Craig Gordon, Scottish footballer
1984 – Corey Crawford, Canadian ice hockey goaltender
1984 - Calvin Zola, Congolese footballer
1986 - Bronson Pelletier, Canadian actor
1987 - Javaris Crittenton, American basketball player
1987 - Emilie Le Pennec, French gymnast
1990 – Patrick Chan, Canadian figure skater
1991 - Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player
1995 - Gabrielle Douglas, American gymnast
Deaths
Up to 1900
192 – Commodus, Roman Emperor (b. 161)
335 – Saint Silvester, Pope and Saint whose day is marked on December 31
669 - Li Shiji, Chinese chancellor (b. 594)
1164 – Margrave Ottokar III of Styria (b. 1124)
1194 – Leopold V of Austria (killed at a tournament) (b. 1157)
1302 - Frederick III, Duke of Lorraine (b. 1238)
1384 – John Wyclif, English theologian (b. 1328)
1460 - Richard Neville, 5th Earl of Salisbury (b. 1400)
1510 – Bianca Maria Sforza, wife of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1472)
1568 – Shimazu Tadayoshi, Japanese daimyo (b. 1493)
1650 – Dorgon, Emperor of China (b. 1612)
1679 - Giovanni Alfonso Borelli, Italian physiologist and physicist (b. 1608)
1705 - Catherine of Braganza (b. 1638)
1719 - John Flamsteed, English astronomer (b. 1646)
1742 - Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine (b. 1661)
1830 - Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis, French writer (b. 1746)
1857 - Edward Williams Clay, American artist (b. 1799)
1865 - Fredrika Bremer, Swedish writer (b. 1801)
1872 – Aleksis Kivi, Finnish writer (b. 1834)
1876 - Catherine Labouré, French nun and saint (b. 1806)
1877 – Gustave Courbet, French painter (b. 1819)
1882 - Léon Gambetta, French politician (b. 1838)
1888 – Samson Raphael Hirsch, rabbi (b. 1808)
1894 - Thomas Joannes Stieltjes, Dutch mathematician (b. 1856)
1901 2000
1905 - Alexander Popov, Russian physicist (b. 1859)
1936 – Miguel de Unamuno, Spanish writer, philosopher (b. 1864)
1948 – Malcolm Campbell, English Grand Prix race car driver (b. 1885)
1950 – Karl Renner, President of Austria (b. 1870)
1964 – Olafur Thors, five-time Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1892)
1964 – Bobby Byrne, American baseball player (b. 1884)
1969 – George Lewis, jazz musician (b. 1900)
1972 – Roberto Clemente, Baseball Hall of Famer (b. 1934)
1972 - Henry Gerber, German-American activist (b. 1892)
1977 – Sabah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1924)
1980 – Marshall McLuhan, Canadian writer (b. 1911)
1980 – Raoul Walsh, movie director (b. 1887)
1985 – Ricky Nelson, American singer (b. 1940)
1989 - Gerhard Schröder, German politician (b. 1910)
1990 – Vasili Lazarev, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1928)
1993 – Zviad Gamsakhurdia, scientist and writer, first President of the Republic of Georgia (b. 1939)
1993 – Brandon Teena, American murder victim (b. 1972)
1994 – Bruno Pezzey, Austrian footballer (b. 1955)
1997 – Floyd Cramer, musician (b. 1933)
1997 – Michael Kennedy, son of Robert F. Kennedy, killed in a skiing accident on Aspen Mountain in Colorado (b. 1958).
1999 – Elliot Richardson, American politician (b. 1920)
2000 – Alan Cranston, American politician (b. 1914)
2000 – José Greco, Spanish Flamenco dancer (b. 1918)
From 2001
2003 – Arthur R. von Hippel, German-born American scientist and professor at MIT (b. 1898)
2004 – Gérard Debreu, French economist (b. 1921)
2006 – Liese Prokop, Austrian politician (b. 1941)
2007 – Ettore Sottsass, Italian architect (b. 1917)
2008 – Donald E. Westlake, American writer (b. 1933)
2009 - Rashidi Kawawa, former Prime Minister of Tanzania (b. 1926)
2009 - Cahal Daly, Irish cardinal and archbishop (b. 1917)
2010 – Syd Ward, New Zealand cricketer (b. 1907)
2013 - John Fortune, English comedian (b. 1939)
2013 - Johnny Orr, American basketball player and coach (b. 1927)
2013 - James Avery, American actor (b. 1945)
2014 - Arthur Valerian Wellesley, 8th Duke of Wellington, English aristocrat and army officer (b. 1915)
2014 - Edward Herrmann, American actor (b. 1943)
2015 - Marvin Panch, American racing driver (b. 1926)
2015 - Dal Richards, Canadian big band leader (b. 1918)
2015 - Wayne Rogers, American actor (b. 1933)
2015 - Natalie Cole, American singer (b. 1950)
2015 - Beth Howland, American actress (b. 1941)
2016 - William Christopher, American actor (b. 1932)
2016 - Prince Dimitri Romanov, Russian prince (b. 1926)
2016 - Henning Christophersen, Danish politician (b. 1939)
2017 - Prince François, Count of Clermont, French nobleman, self-styled Dauphin of France (b. 1961)
2021 - Betty White, American actress and comedian (b. 1922)
Holidays
New Year's Eve, including Hogmanay (Scotland) and Calennig (Wales)
St. Sylvester's Day
Ōmisoka (Japan)
Days of the year |
| 129 | 18102 | 68069 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squash | Squash | Squash may refer to:
Squash (plant), the fruit
Squash (sport), an indoor racket sport
Squash tennis, a similar game but played with equipment related more to that of tennis
Squash (2002 movie), an Academy Award-nominated short movie about a squash game
Squash (drink), a drink made of concentrated fruit syrup or fructose
Squash (professional wrestling), an extremely one-sided match in professional wrestling
SquashFS, a read-only file system |
| 130 | 4217 | 13215 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius | Confucius | Confucius (born 551 BC, died 479 BC) was an important Chinese educator and philosopher. His original name was Kong Qiu or Zhong Ni.
As a child, he was eager to learn about everything, and was very interested in rituals. Once he grew up, he worked as a state official who handled farms and cattle. Then he became a teacher.
Confucius lived in a time when many states were fighting wars in China.
This period was called the Spring and Autumn period of the Zhou Dynasty.
Confucius did not like this and wanted to bring order back to society.
Teaching
Like Socrates, Confucius sometimes did not answer philosophical questions himself.
Instead he wanted people to think hard about problems and to learn from others, especially from history.
Confucius also thought that people should get power because they were good and skilled, and not just because they came from powerful families.
Confucius wanted people to think about other people more than about money or what they owned.
However he also felt that there should be strong rules in society and that people needed to obey them.
Confucius thought that there were five relationships people could have, and that they all had their own rules.
Two people could be
Prince and Subject
Father and Son
Husband and Wife
Elder and Child
or Friends
These were traditional relationships called the 'five prototypes'.
Confucius said that in all these relationships, both people must obey rules.
For example, a subject must obey a prince, but also a prince must listen to a subject and must rule him well and fairly.
Confucius said that people should only do things to other people if they would be okay with other people doing those things to themselves.
This is sometimes called the Golden Rule and was also taught by Jesus Christ.
His students wrote down small stories about him, and things that he said.
These were put together to make a book called The Analects, which became one of the main books of Confucianism.
551 BC births
479 BC deaths
Eastern philosophers
Confucianism
Chinese philosophers |
| 131 | 5170 | 16541 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sick | Sick | To be sick can mean:
Having a disease, illness, or disorder
Sick may also refer to:
Sick comedy, an expression used to attack the social criticism of the new late 1950s comedians
Sick (magazine), a humour magazine
Sick (Sow album), an album by Sow
Sick (Massacra album), an album by Massacra
"Sick" (Young Ones episode), the 11th episode of the British comedy The Young Ones
"Sick, Sick, Sick", a song by Queens of the Stone Age
SICK: The Life & Death of Bob Flanagan, Supermasochist, a 1997 documentary about Bob Flanagan
Sick AG, a German sensor technology corporation which built the laser range-finders used on the robot Stanley
Gary Sick, a writer
Related pages
Sic, a Latin word used in writing
Sicko, a 2007 documentary film by Michael Moore
Sickness (disambiguation) |
| 132 | 1489 | 5153 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1788 | 1788 |
Events
January 26 – The First Fleet arrives at Sydney Cove, bringing the first European settlers to Australia. This is now celebrated as Australia's national day.
October 25 – The HMVA Bounty reaches Tahiti.
December 14 – Accession of Charles IV, King of Spain.
Georgia becomes a state.
Births
January 22 – Lord Byron, English poet
February 5 – Robert Peel, British Prime Minister
Deaths
January 31 – Bonny Prince Charlie, Pretender to the English Throne
August 2 – Thomas Gainsborough, painter
December 14 – Charles III, King of Spain |
| 133 | 8656 | 29299 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diogenes | Diogenes | Diogenes (Διογένης) is a Greek name. It can refer to different people:
Diogenes of Sinope (412-323 BC), better known as Diogenes the Cynic or simply Diogenes
Diogenes Apolloniates (about 460 BC), philosopher
Diogenes the Stoic (Diogenes of Seleucia on the Tigris) (c. 150 BC)
Diogenes Laertius (between 200-500 AD), historian
Diogenes of Oenoanda (2nd Century AD), Epicurean
Diogenes of Judea (about 100-76 BC), general and advisor for Hasmonean king Alexander Jannaeus
Diogenes of Babylon, Greek philosopher
Diogenes (duke of Syrmia), duke of Syrmia (11th century) |
| 134 | 20214 | 77620 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaine%20Tailleferre | Germaine Tailleferre | Germaine Tailleferre (born Saint Maur Des Fossés, France, 19 April 1892; died Paris, 7 November 1983) was a French composer. She was one of the members of the famous group Les Six.
Early years
She was called Marcelle Taillefesse when she was born. When she was grown up she changed her last name to "Tailleferre" just to annoy her father because he had refused to let her study music. She studied piano with her mother at home, composing short works of her own and then began studying at the Paris Conservatoire. There she met Louis Durey, Francis Poulenc, Darius Milhaud, Georges Auric and Arthur Honegger. She won several prizes at the Conservatoire. She often met with her friends who became known as Les Six.
Works
In 1923 Tailleferre began to spend a great deal of time with Maurice Ravel at his home in Monfort-L'Amaury. Ravel encouraged her to enter the Prix de Rome Competition. In 1925, she married Ralph Barton, an American caricaturist, and moved to Manhattan, New York. She stayed in the United States until 1927 when she and her husband returned to France. They divorced shortly afterwards.
Tailleferre wrote many of her most important works during the 1920s, including her 1st Piano Concerto, The Harp Concertino, the Ballets "Le Marchand d'Oiseaux" (the most often performed ballet in the repertoire of the Ballets Suédoises during the 1920s) and "La Nouvelle Cythère" which Diaghilev had asked her to write for his ballet company.
In the 1930s she composed the Concerto for Two Pianos, Choeurs, Saxophones and Orchestra, the Violin Concerto, the Operas "Zoulaïna" and "Le Marin de Bolivar", and her masterwork, "La Cantate de Narcisse", which she wrote with Paul Valéry. Her work in film music included "Le Petit Chose".
When World War II started she had to escape across Spain to Portugal and from there to America.
After the war, in 1946, she returned to her home in France where she composed a lot more music, much of which was not published until after her death. She was accompanist at a children's music and movement class. She wrote shorter pieces towards the end of her life because her arthritis made writing difficult.
Tailleferre carried on composing until a few weeks before her death in November 1983.
Other websites
Suite Burlesque for piano duet (1981) in Youtube
1892 births
1983 deaths
20th-century French composers
Women composers |
| 135 | 6049 | 19460 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleotide | Nucleotide | A nucleotide is an organic molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. These two types of nucleic acid are essential biomolecules in all forms of life on Earth.
A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase (nitrogenous base), a five-carbon sugar (either ribose or 2-deoxyribose), and one phosphate group. Nucleotides contain either a purine or a pyrimidine base. Ribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is ribose. Deoxyribonucleotides are nucleotides in which the sugar is deoxyribose.
In DNA, the purine bases are adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine. RNA uses uracil in place of thymine. Adenine always pairs with thymine by 2 hydrogen bonds, while guanine pairs with cytosine through 3 hydrogen bonds, each due to their unique structures.
Nucleotides also play a central role in metabolism at a fundamental, cellular level. They provide chemical energy for the many cellular functions that need it. Examples are: amino acid, protein and cell membrane synthesis, moving the cell and cell parts (both internally and intercellularly), cell division, and so on. In addition, nucleotides work in cell signaling, and they are in important cofactors of enzymatic reactions (e.g. coenzyme A, FAD, FMN, NAD, and NADP+).
In experimental biochemistry, nucleotides can be labeled using radionuclides to make radionucleotides.
References
Biochemistry
Organic compounds |
| 136 | 4215 | 13211 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masturbation | Masturbation | Masturbation is when a person touches their own sex organs to have pleasure. It often results in an orgasm.
Masturbating may be done alone, but can also be done with another person. This is called "mutual masturbation". Vibrators and dildos can be used to make masturbation easier or feel better, but it is often done with just a person's hand. Studies have shown that many people masturbate regularly.
Animals can masturbate too.
Female masturbation
The female sex organ most sensitive to touch is the clitoris. Therefore, female masturbation almost always involves stimulating the clitoris, either by hand or with a vibrator. Many women also enjoy the feeling of fingers or a sex toy in the vagina, but this is a secondary sensation that is not necessary for orgasm, and that rarely results in orgasm on its own. Some women find stimulation of the front vaginal wall particularly pleasurable. The anus is rich in nerve endings and is also sometimes stimulated during masturbation, as are the nipples.
Masturbation is usually continued until orgasm. Some women may have problems reaching an orgasm, especially when they are young, and have little experience masturbating.
Some women experience "multiple orgasms" - several orgasms in a row without loss of arousal. It should be noted, however, that women who are not capable of multiple orgasms report as much orgasmic satisfaction as women who are multi-orgasmic.
Male masturbation
Masturbation for males is the act of stimulating the penis manually to provide self-pleasure. For older teens and adults, masturbation usually ends in what is called an ejaculation (the release of liquid called semen which contains sperm cells). This ejaculation is usually accompanied by a powerful, pleasurable feeling called an orgasm. Most boys start masturbating between the age of 12 and 15.
There are many ways in which a male can choose to masturbate. The most common of these techniques is using the hand. A man simply wraps his hand or two or three fingers around the shaft of his penis (in erection) and moves his hand up and down. Sometimes a lubricant is used to create a softer sensation. As the sensation increases in intensity, the rate of hand movement generally quickens until orgasm occurs. Orgasm is a very pleasurable feeling which results in semen being ejaculated from the penis.
Men may also rub and touch other sensitive areas of the body such as the scrotum (the place where the testicles are located). Due to the placement of the prostate gland, another method (though much more of a social taboo) involves inserting an object, like one's hand or a sex toy, into the anus to rub against the prostate. This causes a sensation of pleasure through the male's body, and has been stated to cause orgasms more pleasurable than those caused by simply rubbing the shaft.
Masturbation frequency, age and sex
If and how often people masturbate depends on many things. One of the things it depends on is hormone levels. Hormones cause sexual arousal. Other things that the frequency of masturbation depend on sexual habits. Sexual habits are sexual activities that people do because they are used to doing them. Other people of the same age or standing - called peers - can also influence this frequency. General health is another of the many factors. The general attitude towards masturbation is formed by culture. Medical causes have also been associated with masturbation.
"Forty-eight female college students were asked to complete a sexual attitudes questionnaire in which a frequency of masturbation scale was embedded. Twenty-four of the women (the experimental group) then individually viewed an explicit modeling film involving female masturbation. One month later, all subjects again completed the same questionnaire. Subjects in the experimental group also completed a questionnaire evaluating aspects of the film. Results indicated that the experimental group reported a significant increase in the average monthly frequency of masturbation, as compared to the control group. This same group, however, reported that the film had no effect on sexual attitudes or behavior."
A 2004 survey by Toronto magazine NOW was answered by an unspecified number of thousands. The results show that an overwhelming majority of the males — 81% — began masturbating between the ages of 12 and 15. Among females, the same figure was a more modest majority of 55%. (Note that surveys on sexual practices are prone to self-selection bias.) It is not uncommon, however, to begin much earlier, and this is more frequent among females: 18% had begun by the time they turned 12, and 6% already by the time they turned 10. Being the main outlet of child sexuality, masturbation has been observed in very young children. In the book Human Sexuality: Diversity in Contemporary America, by Strong, Devault and Sayad, the authors point out, "A baby boy may laugh in his crib while playing with his erect penis (although he does not ejaculate). Baby girls sometimes move their bodies rhythmically, almost violently, appearing to experience orgasm."
A 2004 magazine survey in Canada found that 43% started masturbating when they were about 12–13 years old. When boys start masturbating, wet dreams often stop since semen is taken out from his body regularly.
According to a Canadian survey of Now magazine readers, (cited above), the frequency of masturbation declines after the age of 17. However, most males masturbate daily, or even more frequently, well into their 20s and sometimes far beyond. This decline is more drastic among females, and more gradual among males. While females aged 13–17 masturbated almost once a day on average (and almost as often as their male peers), adult women only masturbated 8–9 times a month, compared to the 18–22 among men. It is also apparent that masturbation frequency declines with age. Adolescent youths report being able to masturbate to ejaculation six or more times per day, though some men in older middle age report being hard pressed to ejaculate even once per day. The survey does not give a full demographic breakdown of respondents, however, and the sexual history of respondents to this poll, who are readers of an urban Toronto lifestyle magazine, may not extend to the general population.
It appears that females are less likely to masturbate while in a heterosexual relationship than men. Both sexes occasionally engage in this activity, however, even when in sexually active relationships. Popular belief asserts that individuals of either sex who are not in sexually active relationships tend to masturbate more frequently than those who are; however, much of the time this is not true as masturbation alone or with a partner is often a feature of a relationship. Contrary to conventional wisdom, several studies actually reveal a positive correlation between the frequency of masturbation and the frequency of intercourse as well as the number of sex partners. One study reported a significantly higher rate of masturbation in gay men and women who were in a relationship.
Cultural views and practices
The Catholic church says masturbation is a 'gravely disordered action'. Among men masturbation may be seen as a sign of weakness. There are slang terms for it that are used as insults.
The Sambia tribe of New Guinea has rites of passage surrounding manhood. They include frequent ejaculation by fellatio. Semen is valued. Masturbation is seen as a waste of semen. Because of this, it is frowned upon but frequent ejaculation is encouraged. The capacity and need to ejaculate is nurtured for years. This is done from an early age through fellatio. This allows the semen to be consumed rather than wasted. Semen is ingested for strength. It is considered in the same line as mothers' milk.
Other cultures have rites of passage into manhood that end in the first ejaculation of a male. This is often by the hands of a tribal elder. In some tribes such as the Agta in the Philippines, stimulation of the genitals is encouraged from an early age. At puberty, the young male is then paired off with a "wise elder" or "witch doctor". This person uses masturbation to build his ability to ejaculate in preparation for a ceremony. The ceremony ends in a public ejaculation before a celebration. The ejaculate is saved in a wad of animal skin and worn later to help conceive children. In this and other tribes, the measure of manhood is actually associated more with the amount of ejaculate than penis size. Frequent ejaculation through masturbation from an early age fosters frequent ejaculation well into adulthood.
Masturbation marathons have occurred in the U.S. and UK. These events provide a supportive environment where masturbation can be performed openly.
Function
Masturbation may increase fertility during sexual intercourse. In females, it can regulate the conditions of the vagina, cervix and the uterus. This can either increase or decrease the chance of conception. Whether the chance is increased or decreased depends on the timing of the masturbation. This timing is a subconscious decision. If she has intercourse with more than one male, it favors the chances of one or the other male's sperm reaching her egg.
Female masturbation can also protect against cervical infections. It does this by increasing the acidity of the cervical mucus and by moving debris out of the cervix.
The function of masturbation in males is to flush out old sperm with low motility from the male's genital tract. The next ejaculate contains more fresh sperm, which has higher chances of achieving conception during intercourse. If more than one male is having intercourse with a female, the sperm with the highest motility will compete more effectively.
Health and psychological effects
Benefits
The physical effect of masturbation and having an orgasm or ejaculating is heightened arousal while epinephrine courses through the body, producing dopamine also known as the happy chemical, shallow breath and post-climactic euphoria.
It is held in many mental health circles that masturbation can relieve depression, stress and lead to a higher sense of self-worth. Masturbation can also be particularly useful in relationships where one partner wants more sex than the other — in which case masturbation provides a balancing effect and thus a more harmonious relationship.
Mutual masturbation, the act by which two or more partners stimulate themselves in the presence of each other, allows a couple to reveal the map to their pleasure centers. Witnessing a partner masturbate is an educational activity to find out the method a partner uses to please them self, allowing each partner to learn exactly how the other enjoys being touched.
In 2003, an Australian research team led by Graham Giles of The Cancer Council Australia concluded that frequent masturbation by males appears to help prevent the development of prostate cancer.
A study published in 1997 found an inverse association between death from coronary heart disease and frequency of orgasm even given the risk that myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction can be triggered by sexual activity. Excerpt: "The association between frequency or orgasm and all cause mortality was also examined using the midpoint of each response category recoded as number of orgasms per year. The age adjusted odds ratio for an increase of 100 orgasms per year was 0.64 (0.44 to 0.95)". That is, a difference between any two subjects appeared when one subject ejaculated at around two or more times per week than the other. Assuming a broad range average of between 3-5 ejaculations per week for a healthy males, this would mean 5-7 ejaculations per week. This is consistent with an article on the benefits against prostate cancer However, the article notes that "The question of causation is complex... several explanations are possible".
Masturbation is also seen as a sexual technique that protects individuals from the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Support for such a view, and for making it part of the American sex education curriculum, led to the dismissal of US Surgeon General Joycelyn Elders during the Clinton administration. A 2011 study from the Indiana University supports the assertion. After taking age and partner status into account, the study showed that sexually active boys who masturbated regularly were eight times more likely to have used a condom during their last intercourse than other boys. This positive outcome has been observed in other studies and has been the basis of public health policy in Great Britain promoting masturbation.
Some people actually consider masturbation as a cardiovascular workout. Masturbation makes most people feel good and can sometimes replace sexual intercourse when one cannot find a partner. It can also prepare one for sexual intercourse.
Blood pressure
A small study has shown that a test group which only had intercourse experienced, as a whole, lower blood pressure in stressful situations than those who had intercourse but also had masturbated for one or more days.
Insertion
Objects inserted into the vagina or anus should be clean and should not be able to scratch or break. Care should be taken not to fully insert anything into the anus — any object used should have a flared or flanged base; otherwise, medical help may be needed to get it out. Modern dildos and anal plugs are designed with this feature.
Pregnancy
Masturbation involving both a man and a woman (see mutual masturbation) can result in pregnancy only if semen contacts the vulva. Masturbation with a partner can also theoretically result in transmission of sexually transmitted diseases by contact with bodily fluids.
Problems for males
A man whose penis has suffered a blunt trauma or injury during intercourse may rarely sustain a penile fracture or suffer from Peyronie's disease. Phimosis is "a contracted foreskin (that) may cause trouble by hurting when an attempt is made to pull the foreskin back". In these cases, any energetic manipulation of the penis can be problematic.
Lawrence I. Sank observed that masturbating prone (lying face downward) could be responsible for sexual problems in some men, including anorgasmia and erectile dysfunction, as observed in four men he examined. He coined the term traumatic masturbatory syndrome to describe this theory. As of 2007, no follow-up research has been conducted and the idea is not familiar or widely-held within the medical community. Some sources, however, give credence to the idea. One sex therapist condemned masturbation by rubbing against a pillow or mattress and Lipsith et al. suggest that masturbation could play a part in male psychogenic sexual dysfunction (MPSD), citing Sank as their authority. MPSD is a difficulty in reaching orgasm during intercourse, and developing a dependence on masturbation.
Compulsive masturbation
Masturbating frequently presents no physical, mental or emotional risk in itself, but masturbation can be used to relieve boredom or stress. In either case, as with any "nervous habit", it is more helpful to consider the causes of the boredom or of the stress, rather than try to repress the behavior itself, in this case masturbation.
There is some discussion between professionals and other interested parties as to the existence or validity of sexual addictions. Nevertheless, there are lists of warning signs such as when sexual activity affects a person's ability to function in everyday life, or is placing them at risk, for example, of pursuing illegal or destructive activities. Very frequent and compulsive masturbation may be seen as a sign of sexual addiction.
Philosophical views
Immanuel Kant considered masturbation a violation of one's duty to one's self and an unnatural act, stating it was against natural law. Sigmund Freud regarded masturbation as unhealthy. Margaret Sanger frequently stated that masturbation was unwise.
Masturbation in non-human animals
Not only humans masturbate, animals do too. The following animals have been seen masturbating: dogs, several kinds of monkeys and apes, cows,> horses, whales, bats, and sheep. Even birds and reptiles masturbate (turtles, for example). In this case, this does not only affect animals that were domesticated, and live in captivity, but also includes wild animals, of both sexes.
Bears have been documented to masturbate, while they watch other bears mating.
Techniques used vary: Manual stimulation using hands, paws, feet, or tail is common, but autofellatio also occurs: Animals , rub their penis against the belly, or against other objects. Some species have been known to make tools that help them masturbate. Some species have shown to ejaculate spontaneously, without being stimulated first. Certain species are known to also stimulate other erogenous zones, such as the nipples, or the antlers in deer. Female mammals often masturbate by stimulating the clitoris, which is present in all mammal species.
References
Other websites
The Basics | JackinWorld
Human sexuality |
| 137 | 4229 | 13258 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roof | Roof | A roof is the top surface of the building. The plural of 'roof' is 'roofs'. The roof keeps out rain and snow and protects people from the sun. Some roofs are sloped, or pitched, so the rain and snow fall off easily. Some roofs are flat, but even flat roofs have a little bit of pitch so the water can flow away towards a drain.
Types
Gable, hip, gambrel, shed and mansard roofs are the main types of pitched roofs. The type of roof on a building helps identify the building style. For example, an American Arts and Crafts style versus a Cape Cod style. Roofs are often covered in asphalt or wood shingles. But they can also be covered in metal, slate, or clay tiles. It can be dangerous to walk on a pitched roof. Some pitched roofs have parts that stick out for windows. These are called dormers. The edges of pitched roofs are called 'eaves'. Often there are gutters and leaders at the eaves, which take away water from the roof.
Flat roofs are usually covered in rubber or types of plastic. You can usually walk on a flat roof. At the edge of a flat roof there is sometimes a parapet. This is to prevents people from falling off the roof.
Gallery
References
Other websites
Gable Roof Erection Procedure: YouTube
Roof Truss Basics - Structural Engineering And Home Building Tips; YouTube
Basic English 850 words
Construction |
| 138 | 5260 | 17105 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel%20de%20Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes | Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 – 23 April 1616) was a Spanish writer. His most famous book was Don Quijote de la Mancha. It is considered the first modern novel, and therefore Cervantes was the first novelist. The book has been published in 65 countries. The work is considered among the most important in all of literature. He is sometimes called "The Prince of Satire".
Military history and captivity
Nobody knows for sure the reasons that forced Cervantes to leave Castile. Whether he was a "student" of the same name, a "sword-wielding fugitive from justice", or fleeing from a royal warrant of arrest, for having wounded a certain Antonio de Sigura in a duel, is another mystery.<ref>'The Enigma of Cervantine Genealogy, 118</ref>
In any event, in going to Italy, Cervantes was doing what many young Spaniards of the time did to further their careers. Rome would reveal to the young artist its ecclesiastic pomp, ritual, and majesty. In a city teeming with ruins Cervantes could focus his attention on Renaissance art, architecture, and poetry (knowledge of Italian literature is readily discernible in his own productions) and on rediscovering antiquity. He could find in the ancients "a powerful impetus to revive the contemporary world in light of its accomplishments". Thus, Cervantes' continuing desire for Italy, as revealed in his later works, was in part a desire for a return to an earlier period of the Renaissance.
By 1570, Cervantes had enlisted as a soldier in a regiment of the Spanish naval elite corps, Infantería de Marina, stationed in Naples, then a possession of the Spanish crown. He was there for about a year before he saw active service. In September 1571 Cervantes sailed on board the Marquesa, part of the galley fleet of the Holy League, Spain, the Republic of Venice, the Republic of Genoa, the Duchy of Savoy, the Knights Hospitaller based in Malta, and others, under the command of King Philip II's illegitimate half brother, John of Austria, that defeated the Ottoman fleet on October 7 in the Gulf of Lepanto near Corinth, at great cost to both sides. Though taken down with fever, Cervantes refused to stay below, and begged to be allowed to take part in the battle, saying that he would rather die for his God and his king than keep under cover. He fought bravely on board a vessel, and received three gunshot wounds – two in the chest, and one which rendered his left arm useless. In Journey to Parnassus he was to say that he "had lost the movement of the left hand for the glory of the right" (he was thinking of the success of the first part of Don Quixote''). Cervantes always looked back on his conduct in the battle with pride; he believed that he had taken part in an event that would shape the course of European history.
References
1547 births
1616 deaths
Deaths from diabetes
Deaths from cirrhosis
Spanish writers |
| 139 | 15274 | 57903 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waldpolenz%20Solar%20Park | Waldpolenz Solar Park | Waldpolenz Solar Park, is a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology. It is in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million.
Related pages
Photovoltaics
Pocking Solar Park in Germany
Renewable energy commercialization
Solar cell
Solar power station in Victoria
Wind power in Germany
References
Other websites
World’s largest solar power plant being built in eastern Germany
Buildings and structures in Saxony
Power stations in Germany
Solar power plants |
| 140 | 798 | 3471 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denarius | Denarius | The denarius was a small silver coin used by the Roman Empire and Roman Republic. The denarius weighed about 3 to 4.5 grams. It was the main coin of Ancient Rome. It became the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased in weight and silver content. The coin was then sometimes made of copper and painted silver in color. During the Empire the front side usually had a picture of the emperor on it.
The denarius was introduced in 211 BC, and was last made in 275 AD. By then it was made of bronze.
Former currencies
Former currencies of Europe
Ancient Rome
3rd-century BC establishments
3rd-century disestablishments |
| 141 | 14884 | 56068 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feller%20Bach | Feller Bach | The Feller Bach is a right tributary of the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany). Its source is in the Hunsrück mountains. It flows through the villages Lorscheid (Verbandsgemeinde Ruwer), Fell and Riol (Verbandsgemeinde Schweich). It joins the Moselle in Riol.
At the left there is the Thommer Bach in the Nossernvalley with the Fell Exhibition Slate Mine (Besucherbergwerk Fell).
Geography of Rhineland-Palatinate
Rivers of Germany |
| 142 | 16697 | 63830 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappearance%20of%20Madeleine%20McCann | Disappearance of Madeleine McCann | Madeleine McCann (born 12 May 2003) was reported missing on the evening of Thursday, 3 May 2007 from a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz in the Algarve, Portugal. One newspaper said it was "the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history". It is still not known where she is or what happened to her.
Madeleine was on holiday with her parents, her two-year-old twin brother and sister, and family friends. She and the twins had been left asleep at 20:30 in a ground floor apartment, while the McCanns and friends had dinner in a restaurant away. The parents checked on the children every so often, until it was discovered Madeleine was missing at 22:00. Over the next few weeks, the Portuguese police started to believe that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and the parents had covered it up.
There was a lot of news coverage around the world about the case. Rumours that Madeleine has been taken to countries such as Morocco and Malta have all turned out to be untrue.
Madeleine's parents have started a website in their daughter's name where people can keep up to date on events and write to the family. They have also started Madeleine's Fund to which people can give money.
Robert Murat was the first official suspect. On 8 September 2007, Madeleine's mother, Kate McCann, and her father, Gerry McCann, were declared official suspects as well, after the finding of blood and fluids in their apartment. Murat stopped being an official suspect in July 2008, Kate and Gerry in August 2008.
The case remains unsolved. However, in June 2020 a possible suspect who is yet to be named is being held in custody for question by German authorities. The person being held is known to have committed other sexual asaults on children.
References
Other websites
Official website
2007 crimes
2007 in Europe
2000s crimes in Europe
2000s in Portugal
May events
Missing people |
| 143 | 17275 | 65419 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Darin | Bobby Darin | Walden Robert Cassotto (May 14, 1936 – December 20, 1973), better known as Bobby Darin, was an American pop singer, most famous during the 1950s. His hits included "Mack the Knife", "Dream Lover", "If I Were a Carpenter", "Splish Splash", and "Beyond the Sea". He also helped Wayne Newton begin his musical career.
Career
Allen Klein, an accountant who became an artist manager, first came to public attention when he audited Darin's royalty payments, and discovered Darin had been underpaid. His record company paid up, and Darin split the money with Klein.
Darin was married to actress Sandra Dee from 1960 to 1967. They had a son, named Dodd. Darin died late in 1973 after heart surgery.
In 2004, a movie, Beyond the Sea, was made about Darin's life and career. Actor Kevin Spacey, a longtime Darin fan, produced and starred in the movie, with Kate Bosworth as Sandra Dee.
Other websites
Hear Bobby Darin on the Pop Chronicles
Singers from New York City
Deaths from surgical complications
1936 births
1973 deaths
People from the Bronx |
| 144 | 7046 | 22265 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muteness | Muteness | Muteness means not being able to speak. A person that cannot speak is called a mute. A mute keeps the ability to hear the speech of others. If not, the person would be a deaf mute.
Muteness is a type of speech disorder. A person who chooses not to speak is said to be silent rather than mute. Slang for this (British English) is "keeping mum".
Originally, the common word dumb or dumbness used to mean "unable to speak". Unfortunately this was taken over to mean "unwilling to speak". So people prefer "muteness". "Dumb" is a much commoner word, and might be used if it would not be misunderstood.
Cause (eteliology)
In general, someone who is mute may be mute for one of several different reasons: genetics, psychological, or trauma.
For children, a lack of speech may be developmental, neurological, psychological, or due to a physical disability or a communication disorder.
Adults who previously had speech and then became unable to speak: this may be due to disease, injury, damage or surgery affecting areas of the brain needed for speech. Loss of speech in adults may occur, but rarely, for psychological reasons. Damage (however caused) to the parts of the brain needed for speech is called aphasia.
Action
Treatment or management of muteness depends on what has caused the absence of speech. When there is an absence of speech, a speech assessment is strongly recommended to determine cause and treatment. Treatment of absence of speech is possible in a variety of cases. If the absence of speech is determined to be a permanent condition, a range of assistive and augmentative communication devices are available to aid communication.
Speech-generating devices help people with speech deficiencies.
References
See also
Aphasia
Aphonia
Autism
Deafness
Dysarthria
Health
Disability |
| 145 | 14918 | 56187 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greystones | Greystones | Greystones () is a coastal town in County Wicklow, Ireland. It is on Ireland’s east coast, south of Bray and south of Dublin (it is within the Greater Dublin Area), with 15,000 people living in the region.
Other websites
Greystones Community Notice Board
Greystones Online Magazine
Towns in Ireland
County Wicklow |
| 146 | 2664 | 8451 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spork | Spork | A spork is a combination of a spoon and a fork to create a special tool used to eat. Most sporks are made from plastic. Many fast food chains use the spork, including Taco Bell, Kentucky Fried Chicken, Taco John's, and Taco Bueno. Many people dislike the spork because it cannot poke food as well as a fork nor hold liquids as well as a spoon.
Other websites
The Straight Dope on: why is it so hard to get a good spork?
The spork’s weird history, Bee Wilson, Salon
Food utensils |
| 147 | 22133 | 84018 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts%20of%20Switzerland | Districts of Switzerland | In Switzerland each Canton is free to decide its own internal organisation. Because of this there many types and names for smaller administrative divisions in each canton. The term District is used for these smaller divisions.
Amt, Amtsbezirk, District and Distretto
Most Cantons are divided into Bezirke (German for districts). Some are called Ämter (Lucerne), Amtsbezirke (Bern), district (in French) or distretto (Tessin and part of Graubünden).
The Bezirke generally only deals with administration and court organization. The cantons Graubünden and Schwyz are their own legal entities. They have the power to control taxes as well.
No district level in ten cantons
Ten of the 26 Cantons do not have a district level of government:
Uri, Obwalden, Nidwalden, Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Glarus, Zug, Basel-City and Geneva. Schaffhausen stopped using Bezirke in the middle of 1999. Since the start of 2003 Canton of St. Gallen does not use the Bezirk level any more.
List of Swiss districts by canton
Canton of Zürich
The Canton of Zürich is divided into 12 districts (German: Bezirke). The city of Zürich is its own district.
Canton of Bern
There are 26 administrative districts in Berne
Canton of Lucerne
The Canton of Lucerne is divided into 5 districts termed Ämter:
Canton of Uri
Canton of Uri is not divided into districts: the municipality is the next lowest unit of government.
Canton of Schwyz
The Canton of Schwyz is divided into six districts and 30 municipalities, although the districts Einsiedeln, Küssnacht and Gersau simply comprise the municipality of the same name.
Canton of Obwalden
Obwalden is not divided into districts: the municipality is the next lowest unit of government. See: Obwalden.
Canton of Nidwalden
Nidwalden is not divided into districts.
Canton of Glarus
Canton of Glarus is not divided into districts: the municipality is the next lower unit of government.
Canton of Zug
Canton of Zug is not divided into districts.
Canton of Fribourg
The Canton of Fribourg is divided into 7 districts:
Canton of Solothurn
From 2005, Solothurn's ten districts are combined in pairs into five electoral districts, called Amtei. From 2005, districts are only used for statistics.
Canton of Basel-City
Basel-City is not divided into districts. It is formed only of the city of Basel and two municipalities.
Canton of Basel-Country
There are 5 Bezirke in Basel-Landschaft:
Canton of Schaffhausen
The Canton of Schaffhausen used to be divided into 6 districts (Bezirke) until July 1999. The municipality is now the next lower unit of government.
Canton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden
Canton Appenzell Ausserrhoden is not divided into districts. The municipality is the next lower unit of government.
Canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden
The 6 Bezirke (districts) are the local government level. They are part of the municipalities:
Feuerschaugemeinde is a special-purpose municipality for firefighting, energy and water for the town Appenzell.
Canton of St. Gallen
The canton used to be subdivided into 14 districts (Bezirke) until 2003 January 1,
when it was reorganised into 8 constituencies (Wahlkreise).
Canton of Graubünden
Canton Graubünden is divided into 11 Districts. They tend to follow the natural boundaries of the landscape. The districts are further subdivided into 39 sub-districts (German: Kreise):
Canton of Aargau
Aargau is divided into 11 districts.
Canton of Thurgau
The Canton of Thurgau is divided into eight districts. Each district is named after its capital.
Canton of Ticino
The Canton of Ticino is divided into 8 districts (called distretti):
Distretto di Mendrisio
Distretto di Lugano
Distretto di Locarno
Distretto di Vallemaggia
Distretto di Bellinzona
Distretto di Riviera
Distretto di Blenio
Distretto di Leventina
Canton of Vaud
Since 1803 the Canton of Vaud has been divided into 19 districts:
As of January 1, 2008, Vaud will be reorganized into the following districts:
Aigle
Broye-Vully (which will combine the districts of Avenches and Payerne, and part of the districts of Moudon and Oron)
Gros-de-Vaud (which will combine the district of Echallens, and part of the districts of Cossonay, Moudon, and Oron)
Jura-North Vaudois (which will combine the districts of Grandson, Orbe, and Yverdon)
Lausanne (part of the current district will be merged into West Lausannois)
Lavaux-Oron (which will combine the district of Lavaux and part of the district of Oron)
Morges (which will combine parts of the districts of Aubonne, Cossonay, Morges, and Rolle)
Nyon (part of Rolle district will merge into Nyon)
Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut (which will combine the current districts of Pays-d'Enhaut and Vevey)
West Lausannois (which will be carved out of parts of the districts of Lausanne and Morges)
Canton of Valais
The Canton of Valais is divided into 14 districts and half-districts:
Brig
Conthey
Entremont
Goms
Hérens
Leuk
Martigny
Monthey
Raron
Saint-Maurice
Sierre
Sion
Visp
See also: Valais Municipalities
Canton of Neuchâtel
The Canton of Neuchâtel is divided into 6 districts which belong to 4 geographic regions:
Canton of Geneva
The Canton of Geneva is not divided into districts. The municipality is the next level of government.
Canton of Jura
Canton Jura is divided into 3 districts: |
| 148 | 20234 | 77698 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyala%20Province | Diyala Province | Diyala () is a province in east of Iraq. Its area is . The capital is Baqubah. 1,271,000 people live in the province. |
| 149 | 21792 | 83027 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinta%20%28ship%29 | Pinta (ship) | The Pinta is one of the ships Christopher Columbus sailed to the new world. The others were the Niña and the Santa Maria.
History of Spain |
| 150 | 13350 | 48972 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moment%20%28physics%29 | Moment (physics) | In physics, moment of force (often just moment) is a measure of a force's tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis.
In this concept the moment arm, the distance from the axis of rotation, plays an important role. The lever, pulley, gear, and most other simple machines create mechanical advantage by changing the moment arm. The SI unit for moment is the newton meter (kgm²/s²).
Formula for moment:
The Principle of Moment states that when a system is in equilibrium the sum of its CLOCKWISE MOMENTS equals the sum of its ANTICLOCKWISE MOMENTS.
Some examples where moments (turning effect) are applied involve levers, like seesaws, opening and closing doors, nutcrackers, can openers, and crowbars.
A lever is a simple machine in which one force called the effort is used to overcome another force called the load.
In physics, a moment is a combination of a physical quantity and a distance.
History of moment
The principle of moments is derived from Archimedes' discovery of the operating principle of the lever. In the lever one applies a force, in his day most often human muscle, to an arm, a beam of some sort. Archimedes noted that the amount of force applied to the object, the moment of force, is defined as M = rF, where F is the applied force, and r is the distance from the applied force to object.
Physical quantity |
| 151 | 15181 | 57353 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigga | Nigga | Nigga is a term derived from the racial slur "nigger". It is generally used by African-Americans (especially young adults), because other ethnic groups using it is considered offensive. The use for this word is for a good friend, it can also be defined as a substitute for "nigger" in a less serious tone.
Note that this version of the word does not use a "hard R."
Pejoratives
Slang
English profanity |
| 152 | 12745 | 46908 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithril | Mithril | Mithril is a fictional metal from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.
Mithril is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth. It looks similar to silver. It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things. Mithril is very rare and precious. It was only found in Khazad-dûm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in Númenor.
The name "mithril" comes from the Sindarin words mith, meaning "grey", and ril meaning "glitter". In Quenya, its name is mistarille. Mithril was also called "true-silver" or "Moria-silver".
The most well known object made of mithril is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.
Influence on other fiction
Mithril is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal. It other fictional works, mithril it is also sometimes written differently, for example as mythril or mithral.
Middle-earth |
| 153 | 17933 | 67559 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient | Ancient | Ancient means very old. The word can also be used in these ways:
Ancient history — the period of written history starting more or less 5,000–5,500 years ago.
Ancient (band) — the progressive black metal musical group.
Ancient (company) — the Japanese software developer.
Ancient — used to refer to an ensign in medieval times, appearing in texts such as Shakespeare's Othello. |
| 154 | 14361 | 53918 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotswolds | Cotswolds | The Cotswolds is a range of hills in central England, sometimes called the "Heart of England", a hilly area reaching over 300 m. The area has been designated as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The highest point in the Cotswolds is Cleeve Hill at 330 m (1083 ft).
The Cotswolds lie within the current ceremonial counties of Oxfordshire, Gloucestershire, Wiltshire, Somerset, Warwickshire, and Worcestershire. The county of Gloucestershire forms the largest area of the Cotswolds.
Description
The spine of the Cotswolds runs southwest to northeast through six counties, particularly Gloucestershire, Oxfordshire, and southern Warwickshire. The northern and western edges of the Cotswolds are marked by steep slopes down to the Severn valley and the River Avon, Avon. These are a result of the broken edge of the limestone layer. On the eastern boundary is the city of Oxford and on the west is Stroud. To the south towns as Cirencester, Lechlade, Tetbury, Beverston and Fairford mark the southern limit of this region.
In the Middle Ages, the wool trade made the Cotswolds prosperous. Some of this money was put into the building of churches. The area has a number of large, handsome Cotswold stone "wool churches". The area is still wealthy and has attracted people who own second homes in the area, or have chosen to retire to the Cotswolds.
Typical Cotswold towns are Bourton-on-the-Water, Broadway, Burford, Chipping Norton, Cirencester, Moreton-in-Marsh, Stow-on-the-Wold and Winchcombe. The town of Chipping Campden is famous as the home of the Arts and Crafts movement, that was founded by William Morris at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
The Cotswold Way is a long-distance footpath about 103 miles long (166 km) running the length of the AONB, mainly on the edge of the Cotswold escarpement with good views over the Severn Valley and the Vale of Evesham.
Cotswld stone
The area has attractive small towns and villages built of Cotswold stone (a yellow limestone). This limestone is rich in fossils. The stone is a yellow oolitic Jurassic limestone. At the time, this was laid down in a warm tropical sea, about 177 million years ago. The latitude of Britain was about where North Africa is today. The stone is full of fossils such as stalked crinoids. A project is under way to collect examples for the Natural History Museum.
Historical structures
Sudeley Castle
References
Other websites
Cotswold District Council — The website of Cotswold District Council
Cotswolds Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty Website (Countryside Agency)
Cotswold Journal Local Cotswolds news and information
Yate and Chipping Sodbury Guide — A Guide to Yate, Chipping Sodbury on the Southern Edge of the Cotswold Escarpment
Photos of Lower Slaughter in 3d (Anaglyphs)
Cotswold AONB Magic interactive map (slow on first load)
Warwickshire
Geography of England |
| 155 | 7642 | 24932 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jainism | Jainism | Jainism is a religion originally from India that teaches that "all the events in the universe are self-caused, random, fixed and are independent of previous events or external causes or god": Jain philosophy is the oldest philosophy of India that distinguishes body (matter) from the soul (consciousness) completely. It teaches that the universe is eternal and that every living being has a soul which has the power to become all-knowing (observer of all the random events). A soul which has won over its inner enemies like attachment, greed, pride, etc. is called jina which means conqueror or victor (over ignorance). The holy book of Jainism is Pravachansara.
Jainism point
Every living being has a soul.
Every soul is potentially divine, with innate qualities of infinite knowledge, perception, power, and bliss (masked by its karmas).
The universe is self-regulated, with all the events self-caused, and every soul has the potential to achieve divine consciousness (siddha) through its own efforts.
There is no supreme divine creator, owner, preserver or destroyer.
Therefore, Jainists think of every living being as themselves, harming no one and being kind to all living beings.
Every soul is born as a celestial, human, sub-human or hellish being according to its own karmas.
Every soul is the architect of its own life, here or hereafter.
When a soul is freed from karmas, it becomes free and attains divine consciousness, experiencing infinite knowledge, perception, power, and bliss.
Right Faith, Right Knowledge and Right Conduct (triple gems of Jainism) provide the way to this realization.
Navakar Mantra is the fundamental prayer in Jainism and can be recited at any time of the day. Praying by reciting this mantra, the devotee bows with respect to liberated souls still in human form (Arihantas), fully liberated souls (Siddhas), spiritual leaders (Acharyas), teachers (Upadyayas) and all the monks. By saluting them, Jains receive inspiration from them to follow their path to achieve true bliss and total freedom from the karmas binding their souls. In this main prayer, Jains do not ask for any favours or material benefits. This mantra serves as a simple gesture of deep respect towards beings who are more spiritually advanced. The mantra also reminds followers of the ultimate goal, nirvana or moksha.
Jainism stresses on the importance of controlling the senses including the mind, as they can drag one far away from true nature of the soul.
Limit possessions and lead a pure life that is useful to yourself and others. Owning an object by itself is not possessiveness; however attachment to an object is. Non-possessiveness is the balancing of needs and desires while staying detached from our possessions.
Enjoy the company of the holy and better qualified, be merciful to those afflicted souls and tolerate the perversely inclined.
It is important not to waste human life in evil ways. Rather, strive to rise on the ladder of spiritual evolution.
The goal of Jainism is liberation of the soul from the negative effects of unenlightened thoughts, speech and action. This goal is achieved through clearance of karmic obstructions by following the triple gems of Jainism.
Jains mainly worship idols of Jinas, Arihants and Tirthankars, who have conquered the inner passions and attained divine consciousness. Jainism acknowledges the existence of powerful heavenly souls (Yaksha and Yakshini) that look after the well beings of Thirthankarars. Usually, they are found in pair around the idols of Jinas as male (yaksha) and female (yakshini) guardian deities. Even though they have supernatural powers, they are also wandering through the cycles of births and deaths just like most other souls.
Citations
References of Jainism
Jainism |
| 156 | 3258 | 9947 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/September%204 | September 4 |
Events
Up to 1900
476 – Romulus Augustus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself King of Italy.
626 - Li Shimin, known after his death as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne over the Tang Dynasty in China.
1260 – The forces of King Manfred of Sicily, in league with the Ghibellines, defeat the Guelphs at Monte Aperto.
1618 - A rock fall in the Val Bregaglia in the north of present-day Italy kills 2,430 people.
1666 - The most destructive damage of the Great Fire of London occurs.
1774 - Members of James Cook's expedition become the first Europeans to sight New Caledonia (presently part of France) in the Pacific Ocean, and name it after Scotland, for which Caledonia is another name.
1781 – Los Angeles is founded as El Pueblo de Nuestra Senora La Reina de Los Angeles de Porciuncula (the City of Our Lady, the Queen of the Angels of Porciuncula) by a group of 44 Spanish settlers.
1800 - The French garrison of Valletta surrenders to British troops who had been called at the invitation of the Maltese. The islands of Malta and Gozo become the Malta protectorate.
1812 - War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Harrison begins when the fort is set on fire.
1857 - Ernst Rietschl's Goethe-Schiller Monument in Weimar is unveiled.
1862 - American Civil War: Maryland campaign - General Robert E. Lee takes the army of Northern Virginia, and the war, into the North.
1870 – Emperor Napoleon III of France is deposed and the Third Republic is declared.
1882 - Thomas Edison flips the switch on the first-ever commercial electrical power plant, which lights up a square mile of Lower Manhattan.
1886 – Indian Wars: After almost 30 years of fighting, Apache leader Geronimo surrenders with his last band of warriors to General Nelson Miles at Skeleton Canyon in Arizona.
1888 – George Eastman registers the trademark Kodak, and receives a patent for his camera which uses roll film.
1890 - The now-Greek city of Thessaloniki is heavily damaged by fire, making 20,000 people homeless.
1894 – In New York City, 12,000 tailors strike against sweatshop working conditions.
1901 2000
1912 - Albanian rebels are successful in their revolt when the Ottoman Empire agrees to fulfill their demands.
1923 – In Lakehurst, New Jersey, the first American airship, the USS Shenandoah, takes to the sky for the first time.
1940 – World War II: The USS Greer becomes the first United States ship fired upon by a German submarine in the war, even though the United States is a neutral power. Tension heightens between the two nations as a result.
1941 - World War II: A German submarine carries out the first attack on a United States ship, the USS Greer.
1944 - World War II: Finland ends its state of war with the Soviet Union.
1944 – World War II: The British 11th Armored Division liberate the city of Antwerp in Belgium.
1945 – World War II: Japanese forces surrender on Wake Island after hearing word of their nation's surrender.
1948 – Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands abdicates for health reasons.
1950 – Beetle Bailey comic strip started.
1951 – The first live transcontinental television broadcast takes place in San Francisco, California from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference.
1957 – Civil Rights Movement: Little Rock Crisis – Orval Faubus, governor of Arkansas, calls out the National Guard to prevent black students from enrolling in Central High School in Little Rock.
1957 – Ford Motor Company introduces the Edsel.
1962 - The 4th Asian Games in Jakarta end.
1963 – Swissair Flight 306 crashes near Dürrenäsch, Switzerland killing all on board.
1964 – Forth Road Bridge, near Edinburgh, is officially opened.
1967 – The last new episode of the television sitcom Gilligan's Island airs on CBS-TV.
1967 – Vietnam War: Operation Swift begins – The United States Marines launch a search-and-destroy mission in Quang Nam and Quang Tin Provinces. The ensuing 4-day battle in Que Son Valley kills 114 Americans and 376 North Vietnamese.
1970 - Salvador Allende is elected President of Chile.
1970 - The 6th Asian Games in Bangkok end.
1971 – A Boeing 727 carrying Alaska Airlines Flight 1866 crashes into the side of a mountain near Juneau, Alaska killing all 111 people on board.
1971 – The Lawrence Welk Show airs its last show.
1972 – Mark Spitz wins his seventh swimming gold medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany, becoming the first Olympian to win seven gold medals.
1972 – The Price Is Right, hosted by Bob Barker, returns to television with a new format on CBS. Over three decades later, it continues to air and give away prizes galore.
1984 - Brian Mulroney is elected Prime Minister of Canada.
1985 - Discovery of Buckminsterfullerene, the first fullerene molecule of carbon.
1989 - In Leipzig, then-East Germany, the first of the so-called Monday Demonstrations takes place, calling for opposition groups to be allowed.
1995 – The Fourth World Conference on Women opens in Beijing with over 4,750 delegates from 181 countries in attendance.
1996 – War on Drugs: Colombian Revolutionary Armed Forces (FARC) attack a military base in Guaviare, Colombia starting three weeks of guerrilla warfare that will claim the lives of at least 130 Colombians.
1997 – In Lorain, Ohio, the last Ford Thunderbird rolls off the assembly line.
1997 – A U.S. Air Force C-141 cargo plane and a German TU-154 collide in mid-air over southwest Africa killing 33.
1998 - Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two students at Stanford University.
From 2001
2006 – Australian naturalist and TV presenter Steve Irwin (Crocodile Hunter) is killed by a stingray off the Queensland coast.
2007 - Three terrorists are arrested in Germany on suspicion of being part of Al-Qaeda and allegedly planning attacks on Frankfurt International Airport and US military installations.
2009 – An airstrike in Kunduz, Afghanistan kills 142 people.
2010 – 2010 Canterbury earthquake: A magnitude 7.1 earthquake strikes New Zealand's South Island, causing widespread damage and power outages, particularly in Christchurch. No deaths are reported.
2014 - NATO leaders meet in South Wales to discuss conflicts in Ukraine and Iraq.
2016 - Canonization of Mother Teresa by Pope Francis.
2017 - The Queensferry Crossing, linking Fife and Lothian in Scotland, is officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II, exactly 53 years to the day after the opening of the nearby Forth Road Bridge.
2018 - Japan is hit by one of its strongest-ever typhoons.
Births
Up to 1900
1241 – King Alexander III of Scotland (died 1286)
1383 - Antipope Felix V (died 1451)
1454 - Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, English politician (died 1483)
1557 – Sofie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Queen of Denmark and Norway (died 1631)
1563 – Wanli, Emperor of China (died 1620)
1596 - Constantijn Huygens, Dutch poet and composer (died 1687)
1681 - Carl Heinrich Biber, Austrian violinist and composer (died 1749)
1755 - Axel von Fersen the Younger, Swedish general and politician (died 1810)
1756 - Christen Pram, Norwegian-Danish writer (died 1821)
1768 – François-René de Chateaubriand, French writer and diplomat (died 1848)
1798 - Raynold Kaufgetz, Swiss soldier, economist and politician (died 1869)
1803 – Sarah Childress Polk, First Lady of the United States (died 1891)
1805 - William E. Dodge, American businessman and politician (died 1883)
1809 – Juliusz Slowacki, Polish poet (died 1849)
1809 - Federico Luigi Menabrea, Italian scientist, general and politician (died 1896)
1809 - Manuel Montt, 6th President of Chile (died 1880)
1824 – Anton Bruckner, Austrian composer (died 1896)
1825 - Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian academic and politician (died 1917)
1826 - Martin Wiberg, Swedish philosopher and inventor (died 1905)
1832 – Antonio Agliardi, Italian diplomat (died 1915)
1838 - William Gibson Sloan, Scottish missionary (died 1914)
1840 - William, Prince of Orange (died 1879)
1846 - Daniel Burnham, American architect (died 1912)
1848 - Lewis Howard Latimer, American inventor (died 1928)
1851 – John Dillon, Irish nationalist (died 1927)
1852 - Eilif Peterssen, Norwegian painter (died 1928)
1877 – Karlis Ulmanis, Latvian politician (died 1942)
1882 - Leonhard Frank, German writer (died 1961)
1885 - Antonio Bacci, Italian cardinal (died 1971)
1886 - Albert Orsborn, 6th General of the Salvation Army (died 1967)
1890 - La Argentina, Argentine-Spanish dancer and choreographer (died 1936)
1890 - Naime Wifstrand, Swedish actress (died 1968)
1891 – Fritz Todt, Nazi official (died 1942)
1892 – Darius Milhaud, French composer (died 1974)
1896 – Antonin Artaud, French playwright, actor, director (died 1948)
1896 – Aspasia Manos, Queen consort of Greece (died 1972)
1901 1950
1901 - William Lyons, English businessman (died 1985)
1901 - Ahmet Kutsi Tecer, Turkish poet and politician (died 1967)
1904 - Sabin Carr, American athlete (died 1983)
1905 - Walter Zapp, Latvian-Estonian inventor (died 2003)
1905 – Mary Renault, English novelist (died 1983)
1905 - Meade Lux Lewis, American pianist and composer (died 1964)
1906 – Max Delbrück, German biologist (died 1981)
1908 – Richard Wright, American writer (died 1960)
1908 – Edward Dmytryk, movie director (died 1999)
1913 – Stanford Moore, American chemist (died 1982)
1913 - Kenzo Tange, Japanese architect (died 2005)
1913 - Shmuel Wosner, Israeli rabbi (died 2015)
1915 - Rudolf Schock, German tenor (died 1986)
1917 - Henry Ford II, American businessman (died 1987)
1918 - Bill Talbert, American tennis player (died 1999)
1918 – Paul Harvey, American radio broadcaster (died 2009)
1918 - Gerald Wilson, American trumpeter and composer (died 2014)
1919 - Xavier Atencio, American animator, lyricist and engineer (died 2017)
1919 - Emile Bouchard, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2012)
1920 – Teddy Johnson, British singer
1921 – Ariel Ramírez, Argentine composer (died 2010)
1922 - Per Olof Sundman, Swedish politician (died 1992)
1924 - Joan Aiken, English author (died 2004)
1925 – Forrest Carter, writer (died 1979)
1926 - Bert Olmstead, Canadian ice hockey player (died 2015)
1927 - John McCarthy, American computer scientist (died 2011)
1928 – Dick York, American actor (died 1992)
1929 - Robert V. Keeley, American diplomat (died 2015)
1931 – Mitzi Gaynor, American actress
1932 - Dinsdale Landen, English actor (died 2003)
1934 – Clive Granger, Welsh economist (died 2009)
1934 - Eduard Khil, Russian singer and actor (died 2012)
1937 – Dawn Fraser, Australian swimmer
1939 - Erwin Teufel, German politician
1941 - Earl Ross, Canadian racing driver (died 2014)
1941 – Sushilkumar Shinde, Indian politician
1942 - Raymond Floyd, American golfer
1942 - Jerry Jarrett, American wrestler and promoter
1942 - Merald "Bubba" Knight, American singer-songwriter and producer
1943 - Hédi Annabi, Tunisian diplomat (died 2010)
1944 - Tony Atkinson, British economist (died 2017)
1944 - Jennifer Salt, American actress, producer and screenwriter
1946 - Dave Liebman, American saxophonist, flautist and composer
1948 – Samuel Hui, Hong Kong singer
1949 - Tom Watson, American golfer
1951 1975
1951 - Martin Chambers, English drummer and singer (The Pretenders)
1951 - Marita Ulvskog, Swedish politician
1952 - Stephen Easley, American politician (died 2013)
1952 - Rishi Kapoor, Indian actor, director and producer
1953 – Fatih Terim, Turkish football manager
1955 – Brian Schweitzer, American politician, former Governor of Montana
1955 - David Broza, Israeli singer-songwriter and guitarist
1957 – Khandi Alexander, American actress
1957 – Patricia Tallman, American actress
1958 - George Hurley, American drummer
1958 - Drew Pinsky, American radio and television host
1958 - Satoshi Tezuka, Japanese footballer
1959 – Kevin Harrington, Australian actor
1959 - Armin Kogler, Austrian ski jumper
1960 – Damon Wayans, American actor and comedian
1962 - Shinya Yamanaka, Japanese physician, 2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winner
1963 - John Vanbiesbrouck, American ice hockey player, coach and manager
1963 - Sami Yaffa, Finnish singer-songwriter and bass player
1964 - Anthony Weiner, American politician
1964 - Aadesh Shrivastava, Indian composer and singer (died 2015)
1966 - Yanka Dyagileva, Russian singer-songwriter (died 1991)
1966 - Jeff Tremaine, American director, producer and screenwriter
1968 – Mike Piazza, American baseball player
1968 - John DiMaggio, American voice actor
1969 - Sasha, Welsh DJ and music producer
1969 - Ramon Dekkers, Dutch kick-boxer (died 2013)
1969 - Giorgi Margvelashvili, former President of Georgia
1970 – Daisy Dee, American singer and actress
1970 - Igor Cavalera, Brazilian drummer
1970 - Ione Skye, British actress
1970 - Richard Speight Jr., American actor, director, screenwriter and producer
1974 - Carmit Bachar, American singer, dancer and actress (Pussycat Dolls)
1974 - Nona Gaye, American singer, model and actress
1975 - Mark Ronson, English music producer
From 1976
1977 – Lucie Silvas, English singer
1977 - Sun-woo Kim, South Korean baseball player
1978 - Wes Bentley, American actor
1979 - Maxim Afinogenov, Russian ice hockey player
1979 – Kerstin Garefrekes, German footballer
1980 - Zachary Abel, American actor
1980 - Max Greenfield, American actor
1981 – Beyoncé Knowles, American singer
1982 – Mark Lewis-Francis, English athlete
1982 - Sarah Solemani, English actress
1983 - Jennifer Metcalfe, English actress
1984 - Hamish McIntosh, Australian footballer
1984 - Camila Bordonaba, Argentine singer and actress
1985 - Raúl Albiol, Spanish footballer
1986 – Aaron Hunt, German footballer
1988 - JJ Hickson, American basketball player
1990 - Stefanía Fernández, Venezuelan model
1990 - Jonny Lomax, English rugby player
1990 - James Bay, English singer-songwriter and guitarist
1991 - Carter Jenkins, American actor
Deaths
Up to 1950
422 - Pope Boniface I
799 – Musa al-Kazim, Shia Imam (born 745)
1037 - Bermudo III of Leon (born 1010)
1063 - Tughril, Turkish ruler (born 990)
1199 - Joan of England, Queen of Sicily (born 1165)
1588 - Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, English statesman (born 1532)
1767 - Charles Townshend, English politician (born 1725)
1784 - César-François Cassini de Thury, French astronomer and cartographer (born 1714)
1804 – Richard Somers, American naval officer (born 1778)
1821 – José Miguel Carrera, Chilean politician (born 1785)
1852 – William MacGillivray, naturalist and ornithologist (born 1796)
1864 – John Hunt Morgan, American Confederate military leader (born 1825)
1907 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (born 1843)
1914 - William Gibson Sloan, Scottish missionary (born 1838)
1914 - Charles Péguy, French poet and philosopher (born 1873)
1916 – José Echegaray y Eizaguirre, Spanish writer (born 1832)
1930 - Vladimir Arsenyev, Russian adventurer and writer (born 1872)
1940 - George William de Carteret, French-English journalist and author (born 1869)
1944 - Erich Fellgiebel, German general (born 1886)
1949 - Liberato Pinto, Prime Minister of Portugal (born 1880)
1951 2010
1963 – Robert Schuman, French politician (born 1886)
1965 – Albert Schweitzer, German physician (born 1875)
1974 – Marcel Achard, French playwright (born 1899)
1974 - Lewi Pethrus, Swedish minister (born 1884)
1977 - Jean Rostand, French biologist and philosopher (born 1894)
1977 – E. F. Schumacher, German economist and statistician (born 1911)
1986 – Hank Greenberg, American baseball player (born 1911)
1987 – Bill Bowes, English cricketer (born 1908)
1989 – Georges Simenon, Belgian-French writer (born 1903)
1989 – Ronald Syme, New Zealand classicist and historian (born 1903)
1990 - Irene Dunne, American actress and singer (born 1898)
1991 - Charlie Barnet, American saxophonist, composer and producer (born 1950)
1991 – Tom Tryon, American actor and novelist (born 1926)
1991 – Dottie West, American country music singer (born 1932)
1993 – Hervé Villechaize, actor (born 1943)
1995 – William Kunstler, lawyer (born 1919)
1997 - Aldo Rossi, Italian architect (born 1931)
2003 - Lola Bobesco, Romanian-Belgian violinist (born 1921)
2003 – Tibor Varga, Hungarian violinist and conductor (born 1921)
2004 – Alphonso Ford, American basketball player (born 1971)
2004 – Moe Norman, golfer (born 1929)
2004 – James O. Page, American founder of modern emergency medical response (born 1936)
2006 – Steve Irwin, Australian naturalist and TV presenter (born 1962).
2006 – Giacinto Facchetti, Italian footballer (born 1942).
2006 – Astrid Varnay, Swedish soprano (born 1918)
From 2011
2011 - Princess Lalla Aicha of Morocco (born 1930)
2014 - Habib Wali Mohammad, Pakistani singer (born 1921)
2014 - Martynas Andriukaitis, Lithuanian basketball player (born 1981)
2014 - Donatas Banionis, Lithuanian actor (born 1924)
2014 - Gustavo Cerati, Argentine singer and musician (born 1959)
2014 - Franca Falcucci, Italian politician (born 1926)
2014 - Wlodzimierz Kotonski, Polish composer (born 1925)
2014 - Gerrit Kouwenaar, Dutch poet (born 1923)
2014 - Roy Leonard, American radio personality (born 1931)
2014 - Hopeton Lewis, Jamaican singer (born 1947)
2014 - Orunamamu, American-Canadian storyteller (born 1921)
2014 - Wolfhart Pannenberg, German theologian (born 1928)
2014 - Joan Rivers, American comedienne, actress and entertainer (born 1933)
2015 - Geoffrey Bolton, Australian historian (born 1931)
2015 - Graham Brazier, New Zealand musician and songwriter (born 1952)
2015 - Wilfred de Souza, Indian politician (born 1927)
2015 - Chandra Bahadur Dangi, Nepalese shortest-man-ever record holder (born 1939)
2015 - Rico Rodriguez, Cuban trombonist (born 1934)
2015 - Sylvie Joly, French actress and comedienne (born 1934)
2015 - Jean Darling, American actress (born 1922)
2017 - Sultan Ahmed, Indian politician (born 1953)
2017 - David Consunji, Filipino engineer and industrialist (born 1921)
2017 - Mountaga Diallo, Senegalese diplomat (born 1942)
2017 - Rogéria, Brazilian actress and drag queen (born 1943)
2017 - Gastone Moschin, Italian actor (born 1929)
2017 - Les McDonald, British-Canadian runner (born 1933)
2018 - Sheldon S. Cohen, American politician (born 1927)
2018 - Bill Daily, American actor (born 1927)
2018 - Christopher Lawford, American actor, writer and political activist (born 1955)
2018 - Ab McDonald, Canadian ice hockey player (born 1936)
2018 - Ralph Wolfe Cowan, American portrait artist (born 1931)
2018 - Don Gardner, American singer-songwriter and drummer (born 1931)
2018 - István Bethlen, Hungarian aristocrat and economist (born 1946)
2019 - Dai Tielang, Singaporean-Chinese animator (born 1930)
2019 - Patrick Dehornoy, French mathematician (born 1952)
2019 - Peter Ellis, New Zealand child sex offender (born 1958)
2019 - Roger Etchegaray, French cardinal (born 1922)
Observances
Immigrant's Day (Argentina)
September 04 |
| 157 | 14634 | 55155 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slum | Slum | A slum is a part of a city or a town where many poor people live. It is a place where people may not have basic needs. Some of these people may also have social disadvantages. There are slums in most of the big cities of the world. They may not be called slum, however; see shanty town.
Victorian London
Charles Dickens was a great author of Victorian London. His account of the St Giles rookery was:
"Wretched houses with broken windows patched with rags and paper; every room let out to a different family, and in many instances to two or even three – fruit and ‘sweetstuff’ manufacturers in the cellars, barbers and red-herring vendors in the front parlours, cobblers in the back; a bird-fancier in the first floor, three families on the second, starvation in the attics, Irishmen in the passage, a ‘musician’ in the front kitchen, a charwoman and five hungry children in the back one – filth everywhere – a gutter before the houses, and a drain behind – clothes drying, and slops emptying from the windows; ... men and women, in every variety of scanty and dirty apparel, lounging, scolding, drinking, smoking, squabbling, fighting, and swearing".
Dickens, Sketches by Boz, 1839.
Sources
Mike Davis, Planet of Slums, 2006
Elizabeth Blum/ Peter Neitzke Favela Metropolis 2004
Other websites
http://skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=131517
South Africa slum dwellers' movement
Slums of Victorian London
Slums of New Delhi, India
Every third person will be a slum dweller within 30 years, UN agency warns; John Vidal; The Guardian; October 4, 2003.
Mute Magazine Vol 2#3, Naked Cities - Struggle in the Global Slums
Cities
Shanty towns |
| 158 | 3490 | 10481 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile%20Selassie%20I | Haile Selassie I | Haile Selassie I ( born Tafari Makonnen July 23, 1892 - August 27, 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from April 2, 1930 to September 12, 1974. He was Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930, when he was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia as one of the Solomonid dynasty. He fought against Italy, shortly before World War II. He was one of the founding fathers of the League of Nations and the United Nations and the 8th person to be recognized the Time Person of the Year.
Tafari was made into local governor of Sidamo in 1907 and Harar in 1911. In Harar, he had a huge following, but he agreed not to remove Lij Iyasu from power as regent in exchange for Iyasu not removing him as governor of Harer. However, Iyasu became a Muslim and broke his agreement by trying to remove Tafari as governor. Tafari said that he now did have to keep the agreement and so he removed Iyasu as regent.
Because Iyasu was Muslims, the nobles replaced him with Empress Zauditu on September 27, 1916 and made Tafari regent. From to then on, Tafari controlled Ethiopia. He was made negus (king) in 1928 and was crowned "Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God" on November 2, 1930. His coronation was given widespread publicity throughout the world, especially in two TIME Magazine articles. The publicity created interest on the faraway island of Jamaica, where a belief in his divinity (Godliness) soon arose because of his titles, and he was seen as a symbol of black liberation.
In 1936, he left Ethiopia after an invasion by Benito Mussolini's Italy. The Emperor gave a speech at the League of Nations that asked the world to stop the Italians, but it failed to act. With the help of the British in World War II, he returned to Ethiopia in 1941. In 1963, the Emperor did everything he could to help start the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), with its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In 1966, he visited Jamaica, where he met the Rastafarian community of Jamaica.
On September 12, 1974, he was overthrown by a Marxist coup. He was said to have died of natural causes in August 1975, but evidence later showed that he had been murdered. However, many Rastafarians claim that he is still alive.
Foreign relations
Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo Crisis to preserve Congolese integrity, according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 143. On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard) forces staged an unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaimed Haile Selassie's eldest son, Asfa Wossen, as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup attempt since it lacked broad popular support; was denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; and was unpopular with the army, the air force, and thr police. The effort to depose the Emperor, however, had support among students and the educated classes. The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, when Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent". Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and the poor and advocate on their behalf. The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.
The Emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West although he pursued a firm policy of decolonisation in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with each of the superpowers vying for a stake in the state's future. The British administrator suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia to separate Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the United Nations.
A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be federated with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and be represented in what had been the Ethiopian PA, which would become the federal parliament. Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and he wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply to both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961, the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of the Eritrean Parliament.
In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. That is considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.
In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence. The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962. The war would continue for 30 years. Haile Selassie and then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him attempted to retain Eritrea by force.
In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the today's African Union (AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In May that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.
On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations that referred to his address to his earlier speech to the League of Nations:Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the fascist invader. I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936. Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last – hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.Emperor Haile Selassie standing in front of throne c. 1965
On 25 November 1963, the Emperor was among other heads of state, including French President Charles de Gaulle, ti traveed to Washington, DC, and attend the funeral of assassinated President John F. Kennedy.
In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility, which had previously avoided paying most of their taxes. Even with alterations, the law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.
A parade in honoir of Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, turns onto Pennsylvania Avenue from New York Avenue; crowds line the street. Washington, D.C 1963
While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in Indochina, consistently deplored it as needless suffering and called for the Vietnam War to end on several occasions. At the same time, he remained open toward the United States and praised it for making progress with civil rights legislation in the 1950s and the 1960s. He visited the US several times during those years.
Titles and styles
Main article: List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie
23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen
1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen
11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen
7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen
2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God and Light of the Universe.
134th Christian ruler of Ethiopia ?
On 21 January 1965, Haile Selassie I was venerated with the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the Patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox Churches of the World.
National orders
Chief Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)
Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon (1930)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon
Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)
Grand Cordon of the Order of Menelik II
Order of Fidelity
References
1892 births
1975 deaths
Ethiopian people
Rastafari
Time People of the Year
Emperors and empresses
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria |
| 159 | 17211 | 65177 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical%20Storm%20Franklin%20%282005%29 | Tropical Storm Franklin (2005) | Tropical Storm Franklin was a strong tropical storm that stayed in the western Atlantic Ocean for much of its life. Franklin was the sixth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and almost became a hurricane two times.
Tropical Storm Franklin formed north of the Bahamas on July 21 and moved steadily across the western Atlantic while coming close to Bermuda on July 26. Later, Franklin became an extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland, before being absorbed by another non-tropical system. Franklin caused no damages and killed no people while it stayed in the ocean during most of its life.
Storm history
A tropical wave formed west from the African coast late on July 10. The wave entered the Bahamas on July 21 and strengthened into Tropical Depression Six while 70 miles (110 km) east of Eleuthera. Initially the storm was predicted to move in a clockwise loop and slowly move to the west in response to a high pressure system. Several models showed the possibility of the storm to change westward and move into central Florida. Anyhow, soon after the depression formed, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Franklin.
Tropical Storm Franklin suffered a lot of wind shear related with the development of Tropical Storm Gert, which made the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center to say that Franklin could be destroyed in the next few days. However the shear stopped as Franklin moved to the northeast, allowing the storm to strengthen. The forecasters now said that Franklin could "attain and maintain hurricane strength" and make a close approach to Bermuda.
Shortly after on July 23, Tropical Storm Franklin reached its strongest point with 70 mph (110 km/h) winds.
Franklin moved unevenly to the east while weakening as shear increased again. The NHC predicted that the storm would dissipate, but Frnaklin stopped weakening on July 25 with Franklin a minimal tropical storm. The storm passed to 200 miles (325 km) to the west of Bermuda on July 26 and moved slowly northwards into the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. The shear also reduced once again allowing Franklin to re-strengthen somewhat, with winds reaching 60 mph (95 km/h) on July 28. Meanwhile, Franklin began to accelerate to the northeast becoming an extratropical cyclone on July 30 to the south of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm passed close to the southern tip of Newfoundland later that day and was absorbed by a larger system on July 31.
Impact
As Tropical Storm Franklin was forming, a tropical storm warning was issued for the northwest Bahamas, but it was cancelled as Franklin moved north and away from the islands. A tropical storm watch was given out to Bermuda on July 25 but was also cancelled a day later when Franklin moved away.
Tropical Storm Franklin developed very close to land in the Bahamas and passed close to Bermuda, but there were no reports of tropical storm force winds overland, with the strongest gust recorded on Bermuda being 37 mph (60 km/h). After Franklin became an extratropical storm, it affected parts of southeastern Newfoundland, bringing about 1 inch (25 mm) of rain to the area. There were no damages or fatalities reported from Tropical Storm Franklin.
Naming and records
When Franklin formed on July 21, it was the became earliest tropical cyclone ever in a season that the sixth tropical storm formed, breaking the previous record held by storm 6 from 1936 by 14 days. This was the first use of Franklin to name a tropical storm after the retirement of Hurricane Floyd from 1999. Because Frank filed to cause any deaths or damages, its the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season.
Related pages
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
References
Other websites
NHC's Tropical Cyclone Report on Tropical Storm Franklin
NHC's archive on Tropical Storm Franklin
Atlantic tropical storms
Hurricanes in Bermuda
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
2005 in Bermuda
2005 in the Bahamas
2005 in Canada |
| 160 | 5942 | 19225 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire | Cheshire | Cheshire is a county in England. It is the North West part of the country. It is most famous for making salt and cheese. Cheshire is made up of lots of little towns including the Borough of Macclesfield which covers a large area of plains. The main attraction is in Kerridge where there is the famous landmark 'White Nancy.'
Ceremonial counties of England |
| 161 | 11207 | 40583 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig%20Erhard | Ludwig Erhard | Ludwig Wilhelm Erhard (4 February 1897 in Fürth - 5 May 1977 in Bonn) was a German politician.
Life
Erhard was born as the son of a salesman. After his middle school exam, he started training to become a salesman himself. He was wounded as soldier in World War I. After World War I, he started to study micro economy at a college in Nuremberg.
After that, he studied economy on the University of Frankfurt am Main. In 1925 he finished his doctoral thesis. Afterwards, he worked in his father's company. After the Great Depression, the company went bankrupt.
From 1928 to 1942, he worked as science assistant, but he could not get a promotion because he did not want to become a member of a Nazi organisation. From 1942 to 1945, he was the head of the institute for industrial research.
Until 1949, he worked for the CDU, but joined still in 1963.
From 1945 to 1946, he worked for the provisional government of Bavaria, afterwards he was an economic organisation official for the British-American administration in West Germany.
In 1949, he became Minister of Economics under Konrad Adenauer.
From 1957-1963, he was Vice Chancellor.
After Adenauer resigned in 1963, Erhard became the new chancellor.
In 1966, Kurt Georg Kiesinger succeeded him.
Erhard died in 1977, aged 80.
1897 births
1977 deaths
Chancellors of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
Government ministers of Germany
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Bavaria
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Vice Chancellors of Germany |
| 162 | 23487 | 90425 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tickling | Tickling | Tickling is to lightly touch, scratch, or rub a person or animal to make them laugh. For most people, it causes pleasure and happiness whereas others hate it. Tickle spots are feet, armpits, and sides of stomach.
Tickling yourself
It is believed by many that tickling yourself is very hard and by some that it is nearly impossible. Research shows that the brain notices and senses our movements and actions. This lets the brain prepare itself when we try to tickle ourselves. The unexpected senses are then cancelled by our brain, so we do not feel the reaction we would have if someone else tickled us when we least expected it.
Unlike others, some people in the world know how to tickle themselves. This is because they know the tickling spots in their body and are able to use other objects to tickle themselves. For example, they can use a piece of tissue and rub it against their stomach to tickle themselves. Tickling may be relaxing, but may also be painful.
Other websites
Telegraph (UK) Article on "robot tickling experiment"
Boston Globe Online - Why are some people not ticklish?
Article 'Is it possible for someone to be tickled to death?' from The Straight Dope
Everyday life |
| 163 | 12992 | 47689 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Paul-en-Jarez | Saint-Paul-en-Jarez | Saint-Paul-en-Jarez is a town in France. It is near La Grand-Croix and Saint-Chamond.
Communes in Loire |
| 164 | 10984 | 39558 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground | Ground | Ground is a commonly used word for the surface of the Earth. It is the dirt, soil and rock that we walk on. Ground in electrical language is the electrical charge of the earth. Voltages are compared to the ground to measure voltage.
Geography |
| 165 | 1480 | 5142 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Warrior%20%281860%29 | HMS Warrior (1860) | HMS Warrior was the first battleship with a hull made of iron. It was built in response to the French ironclad warship Gloire. It is in Portsmouth, England with the HMS Victory and the remains of the Mary Rose, a ship belonging to Henry VIII of England.
Other websites
HMS Warrior website
StVincent.ac.uk
Warrior
Portsmouth |
| 166 | 23801 | 91864 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Root | Jim Root | James "Jim" Root (born October 7, 1971) is an American musician. He is the guitarist for both Slipknot and Stone Sour. In Slipknot he is named #4. He is the tallest member of the band at 6 feet and 6 inches tall. Jim wears a court jester's mask with a zip-up mouth. Jim enjoys fishing and playing video games in his free time.
Musicians from Iowa
American rock musicians
American heavy metal musicians
Musicians from Des Moines, Iowa
1971 births
Living people |
| 167 | 4591 | 14384 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Against | Against | Against can mean:
in an opposite direction - walking against the wind
in front, touching, or resting - The man was standing against the tree.
in opposition - against all odds
in competition - The boy played chess against his father.
touching with strong force - Ocean waves crash against the swimmer.
as a protection from - She used an umbrella against the strong rain."
Other meanings
Against'' was the seventh album by Brazilian thrash metal band Sepultura. It came out in 1998 from Roadrunner Records.
Basic English 850 words
VOA Special English words |
| 168 | 18553 | 69546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservatoire%20de%20Paris | Conservatoire de Paris | The Conservatoire de Paris (Paris Conservatoire) is a music conservatory where students can study dance, drama and music. It has now been split into two "Conservatoires". One is for Acting, Theatre and Drama and is called the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique (CNSAD). It is in the old building in the centre of Paris. The other is called Conservatoire National Supérieur de Musique et de Danse de Paris. It is farther from the centre of the city. This is where Music and Dance are taught.
The Paris Conservatoire has been famous for music since it was formed in 1795. Nearly all famous French composers and performing musicians studied there, and many young musicians came from abroad to study. It was, and still is, one of the best places to study music in the world.
Related pages
Paris
Conservatoire
Prix de Rome
Music schools
Buildings and structures in Paris
1795 establishments
1790s establishments in France |
| 169 | 24095 | 92934 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.A.%20River%20Plate | C.A. River Plate | Club Atlético River Plate, commonly known as River Plate, is an Argentine professional football club. They are based in Buenos Aires, and play their home games at Estadio Monumental.
The name of the club is English for Río de la Plata. They are the most succcessful club in Argentina, with 36 league titles. River Plate has a very strong rivalry with Boca Juniors, mainly because both teams are from Buenos Aires and also are considered the biggest teams in Argentina. Matches between them sometimes involve violence between supporters.
Current squad
Related pages
List of Argentine football teams
References
Argentine football clubs |
| 170 | 19792 | 75706 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%20Don%27t%20Know%20Me%20%28Like%20U%20Used%20To%29 | U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) | U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) – The Remix EP is the first EP by American R&B singer Brandy Norwood, released in 1999 (see 1999 in music). It was released for promotional use only.
Release
During 1999, her record company, Atlantic Records, released a 9-track remix EP entitled U Don't Know Me... Like U Used To – The Remix EP. The album contains remix versions with Da Brat, Ma$e, Fat Joe, Big Pun, Darkchild, DJ Premier and many other artists and producers. The album is seen as a maxi-single so the peak positions are the same as the peak positions of the single. The songs on U Don't Know Me did not have much success with a peak position of #79 on the U.S. Hot 100, 50 in Canada and 25 in the UK. The album's lead single was "U Don't Know Me (Like U Used To) [Remix]".
References
1999 albums
Brandy albums |
| 171 | 8223 | 27447 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address | Address | This article is about the kind of address that you find or communicate with someone through. Address can also mean public speaking. It can also be used when someone is working on something, or talking about something.
An address (pronounced AD-dress or ad-DRESS) is a way to find or communicate with someone. It can be a postal address or an e-mail address. On forms, it is common to ask for someone's name, address and phone number, so that the person can be found easily.
Postal address
A postal address is usually the location of someone's house, but sometimes it is the person's Post Office Box. It is the information that is put on a letter to have the letter delivered to a person.
Example (in England):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Bigtown BG23 4YZ
England
Example (in the U.S.):
Mr John Smith
132, My Street,
Kingston, New York 12401
United States
Example (in Nigeria):
Mr Daniel Izuchukwu Nwoye
8, My Street,
Ilassan Lekki, Lagos 105102
Nigeria.
Email Address
An email address is used to send someone an e-mail. It has a username, and this is followed by the name of the person's email provider. The at sign (@) separates the two. For example:
john@gmail.com
horseycrazy@yahoo.com
larry.smith@msn.com
example50150@domain.eu
The "name" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, and a few special characters, but it cannot contain spaces. The "provider" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, but no special characters and no spaces. Some providers may restrict the "name" part in other ways. For example, Gmail does not allow underscores.
Human geography
Postal service
E-mail |
| 172 | 19824 | 75881 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Cavendish | Henry Cavendish | Henry Cavendish FRS (10 October 1731-24 February 1810) was a British scientist. He is famous for discovering hydrogen. Cavendish measured the Earth's mass, density and gravitational constant with the Cavendish experiment. He studied at Peterhouse, which is part of the University of Cambridge, but he left without graduating.
He built a laboratory in his father's house in London, where he worked for nearly fifty years, but he only published about 20 scientific papers. Even so, he is regarded as one of the greatest scientists of his time.
Cavendish claimed that the force between the two electrical objects gets smaller as they get further apart. If the distance between them doubled, the force would be one quarter what it was before. This was the basis of the inverse-square law. He explained the concept of electric potential, which he called "the degree of electrification". He developed the thought of all points on a good conductor's surface have the same potential energy beside a common reference point. Having no way to measure electric current, he used his body as a machine which measures strength of electric current. All Cavendish's explorations in his notebook was found and confirmed by James Clerk Maxwell.
Cavendish’s electrical papers from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London have been reprinted, together with most of his electrical manuscripts, in The Scientific Papers of the Honourable Henry Cavendish, F.R.S. (1921).
References
1731 births
1810 deaths
English physicists
English chemists |
| 173 | 22543 | 85280 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brione%20sopra%20Minusio | Brione sopra Minusio | Brione sopra Minusio is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
References
Municipalities of Ticino |
| 174 | 7449 | 24079 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demo%20%28music%29 | Demo (music) | A demo, in music, is the first version of a song or album.
It can also refer to an album made by the band as a "sample" in hopes of getting a contract with a record label.
Musical terminology
it:Demo#In musica |
| 175 | 18128 | 68143 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Arabic%20languages | Judeo-Arabic languages | Judeo-Arabic languages are a collection of Arabic language dialects spoken by Jews living or formerly living in Arabic-speaking countries. Just as with the rest of the Arab world, Arabic-speaking Jews had different dialects for the different regions where they lived. Most Judæo-Arabic dialects were written in modified forms of the Hebrew alphabet, often including consonant dots from the Arabic alphabet to accommodate phonemes that did not exist in the Hebrew alphabet.
In retaliation for 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Jews in Arab countries became subject to increasingly insufferable discrimination and violence, causing virtually all of them to flee en masse to Israel. Their dialects of Arabic did not thrive in Israel, and most became extinct, replaced by the Modern Hebrew language.
In the Middle Ages, Jews in the Islamic diaspora spoke a dialect of Arabic, which they wrote in a mildly adapted Hebrew script (rather than using Arabic script).
This phenomenon is called Judaeo-Arabic and may be compared to both Ladino (Judaeo-Spanish) and Yiddish (Judaeo-German).
Some of the most important books of medieval Jewish though were originally written in Judaeo-Arabic, as well as certain halakhic works and biblical commentary. Only later were they translated into medieval scientific Hebrew so that they could be read by the Ashkenazic Jews of Europe. These include:
Saadia Gaon's Emunot ve-Deot, his Tafsir (biblical commentary and translation), and his siddur (the explanatory parts, not the prayers themselves)
Solomon ibn Gabirol's Tikkun Middot ha-Nefesh
Bahya ibn Pakuda's Hovot ha-Levavot
Judah Halevi's Kuzari
Maimonides' Commentary on the Mishnah, Sefer ha-Mitzvot, Guide to the Perplexed, and many of his letters and shorter essays.
References
Judaism
Middle East
Semitic languages |
| 176 | 11979 | 44030 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinosaurus | Spinosaurus | Spinosaurus (which means 'spiny lizard') was a huge semi-aquatic dinosaur from the Cretaceous, 112 to 93.5 million years ago. It had paddle-like feet and nostrils on top of its crocodile-like head. This would let it submerge as a crocodile does.
The same research suggests it was perhaps larger than Tyrannosaurus rex, but more clumsy on land, moving as a quadruped. All these ideas had been suggested before. The discovery of a more complete skeleton made palaeontologists think they were correct. The fossil was found in Morocco by a private collector who let scientists examine it.
Spinosaurus bones were first discovered in Egypt in 1912 by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. Two species, S. aegyptiacus and S. marocannus, are recognized by many paleontologists, but there may only be one. Spinosaurus looked like Baryonyx except it was larger and more heavily built. Six specimens of Spinosaurus have been uncovered. Apparently, good material was destroyed in Munich in a 1944 bombing raid.
Description
100 million years ago, the Sahara Desert was wet. Animals included the pterosaur Alanqa, types of giant crocodiles, and theropod predators the size of T. rex. The largest predator was Spinosaurus. In the past, it was thought that Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was bipedal. In 2014, scientists believed that Spinosaurus aegyptiacus was quadrupedal because it is front-heavy. If Spinosaurus aegyptiacus were to walk on two legs, it would topple. Spinosaurus probably walked on its knuckles. Spinosaurus's legs were short. Spinosaurus'''s jaws were designed to catch slippery prey like fish. Scientists say that Spinosaurus spent most of its time in the water and it was a semi-aquatic dinosaur. Spinosaurus was larger than Tyrannosaurus. Estimates published in 2005, 2007, and 2008 suggested that it was between 15 metres (50 ft) in length and 7 to 20.9 tonnes (7.7 to 23.0 short tons) in weight. A new estimate published in 2014 and based on a more complete specimen, supported the earlier research, finding that Spinosaurus could reach lengths of over 15 m (49 ft). It had a two meter high sail on its back like Dimetrodon. Several uses have been suggested for this sail, such as to help control its body temperature, as a way to attract a mate, and to intimidate or frighten enemies. It lived in what is now the Sahara Desert, but which then was mangrove forests alongside shoreline conditions, tidal flats and channels.
The skull of Spinosaurus was long and narrow like that of a modern gharial. Spinosaurus is known to have eaten fish. Evidence suggests that it lived both on land and in water like a modern crocodilian.
Media
It was featured as the main dinosaur in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III where it fights and kills a T-Rex. It has also appeared on postage stamps in several countries, and many toy companies have made models of Spinosaurus''.
References
Spinosauridae
Dinosaurs of Africa
Cretaceous dinosaurs |
| 177 | 16000 | 61449 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin%2C%20Wyoming | Basin, Wyoming | Basing is a town in the American state of Wyoming. It is the county seat of Big Horn County. It had 1,285 people living in it at the 2010 census.
Basin is near the Big Horn river. The town has an area of 2.0 mi². 0.04 mi² of it (1.47%) is water.
Towns in Wyoming
Big Horn County, Wyoming
County seats in Wyoming |
| 178 | 1261 | 4616 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnivore | Omnivore | An omnivore is an animal whose species gets its energy and nutrients from a diet made up foods that include plants, animals, algae, fungi and bacteria.
Many omnivores change their eating habits during their life cycle. They are sometimes called "life-history omnivores", because they are only omnivores if their whole life is considered.
Some species, such as grazing waterfowl like geese, are known to eat mainly animals at one stage of their lives, but plants at another. Also, many insects, such as the beatle family Meloidae, eat animal tissue when they are larvae, but eat plant matter after they mature.
Animal types
All of these animals are omnivores, but have different feeding behaviors and favorite foods. Being omnivores gives these animals more food security in stressful times. It also makes it easier for them to live in less consistent environments; (those that change along with the season, for example).
Humans, many pigs, many bears, some primates, some rodents, opossums, rails, rheas, most seagulls, and other animals are omnivores.
Related pages
carnivore
herbivore
insectivore
semi-vegetarian
References |
| 179 | 22601 | 85523 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courrendlin | Courrendlin | Courrendlin is a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Jura |
| 180 | 24301 | 93682 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle%20of%20Poitiers | Battle of Poitiers | Battle of Poitiers can be one of two battles:
Battle of Tours (732), also known as Battle of Poitiers between Frankish and Islamic armies
Battle of Poitiers (1356), between England and France. |
| 181 | 24668 | 96535 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate%20H-3 | Interstate H-3 | Interstate H-3 is a highway in the American state of Hawaii. It begins at the Halawa Interchange with Interstates H-1 and H-201. The highway then runs along a viaduct through Halawa Valley for about 6 miles. It then goes through the Tetsuo Harano Tunnels through the Koolau Mountains. Once on the eastern end of the tunnel, the highway follows a viaduct built along the side of Haiku Valley until the Kaneohe Interchange with state route 63 (Likelike Highway) which leads into the town of Kaneohe. The highway then continues to the Halekou Interchange with state route 83 (Kamehameha Highway). Four miles farther, it reaches the main gate of Marine Corps Base Hawaii. The route is long.
References
H3
Roads in Hawaii |
| 182 | 635 | 3035 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow | Yellow | Yellow is a colour. It is the color of the color of amber.
Yellow is the color of:
The color amber.
The outer skin of a lemon.
The flower of the dandelion.
The peel of a banana.
The middle light of a stoplight.
Most of the time, your Urine.
Meaning of yellow
Yellow can represent light and the sun's rays as well as lightning.
The phrase "yellow" used to be used as a sign of cowardice.
In China, yellow is the color of royalty. Emperors used to wear yellow.
On road signs in the USA, yellow means "warning".
Inkjet printers use yellow ink as one of their three basic colors, along with cyan ink and magenta ink.
Tones of yellow colour comparison chart
Yellow Mist (web colour Light Yellow) (Banana) (Hex: #FFFFE0) (RGB: 255, 255, 224)
Old Lace (web colour) (Hex: #FDF5E6) (RGB: 253, 245, 230)
Linen (web colour) (Hex: #FAF0E6) (RGB: 250, 240, 230)
Antique White (web colour) (Hex: #FAEBD7) (RGB: 250, 235, 215)
Blanched Almond (web colour) (Hex: #FFEBCD) (RGB: 255, 235, 205)
Light Goldenrod Yellow (web colour) (Hex: #FAFAD2) (RGB: 250, 250, 210)
Lemon Chiffon (web colour) (Lemon Cream) (Hex: #FFFACD) (RGB: 255, 250, 205)
Cornsilk (web colour) (Hex: #FFF8DC) (RGB: 255, 248, 220)
Beige (web colour) (Hex: #F5F5DC) (RGB: 245, 245, 220)
Cream (Hex: #FFFDD0) (RGB: 255, 253, 208)
Papaya Whip (web colour) (Hex: #FFEFD5) (RGB: 255, 239, 213)
Banana Mania (Crayola) (Hex: #FBE7B2) (RGB: 251, 231, 128)
Moccasin (web colour) (Hex: #FFE4B5) (RGB: 255, 228, 182)
Peach-Yellow (Hex: #FADFAD) (RGB: 250, 223, 173)
Wheat (web colour) (Hex: #F5DEB3) (RGB: 245, 222, 179)
Navajo White (web colour) (Hex: #FFDEAD) (RGB: 255, 222, 173)
<li style = "background-color: #f0e68c;"> Light Khaki (X11 "Khaki") (Hex: #F0E68C) (RGB: 240, 230, 140)<li>
Pale Spring Bud (Crayola "Spring Green") (Hex: #ECEBBD) (RGB: 236, 235, 189)
Pale Goldenrod (web colour) (Hex: #EEE8AA) (RGB: 238, 232, 170)
Pale Canary Yellow (Crayola Canary) (Hex: #FFFF99) (RGB: 255, 255, 153)
Buff (HexF0DC82) (RGB: 240, 220, 130)
Flax (Hex: #EEDC82) (RGB: 238, 220, 130)
<li style = "background-color: #ebc2af;"> Zinnwaldite (Hex: #EBC2AF) (RGB: 235, 194, 175)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #edc9af;"> Desert Sand (Crayola) (Hex: #EDC9AF) (RGB: 237, 201, 175)<li>
Peach Puff (web color) (Hex: #FFDAB9) (RGB: 255, 218, 185)
Peach (Hex: #FFE5B4) (RGB: 255, 229, 180)
Deep Peach (Crayola Peach) (Hex: #FFCBA4) (RGB: 255, 203, 164)
Peach-Orange (Pale Salmon) (Hex: #FFCC99) (RGB: 255, 204, 153)
Bright Apricot (Crayola Apricot) (Hex: #FDD5B1) (RGB: 253, 213, 177)
Apricot (Hex: #FBCEB1) (RGB: 251, 206, 177)
<li style = "background-color: #eedd62;"> Light Mustard (Hex: #EEDD62) (RGB: 255, 119, 255)<li>
Dandelion (Crayola) (Hex: #FED85D) (RGB: 254, 216, 93)
Mustard (Hex: #FFDB58) (RGB: 255, 219, 88)
Energy Yellow (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #F8DD5C) (RGB: 248, 221, 92)
Medium Goldenrod (Crayola Goldenrod) (Hex: #FCD667) (RGB: 252, 214, 103)
<li style = "background-color: #f8de7e;"> Mellow Yellow (Hex: #F8DE7E) (RGB: 248, 222, 126)<li>
Light Goldenrod (web colour) (Hex: #FFEC8B) (RGB: 255, 236, 139)
Maize (Corn) (Hex: #FBEC5D) (RGB: 251, 236, 93)
<li style = "background-color: #ffff66;"> Ultra Yellow (Unmellow Yellow) (Crayola) (Hex: #FFFF66) (RGB: 255, 255, 102)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #fefe22;"> Laser Lemon (Crayola) (Hex: #FEFE22) (RGB: 254, 254, 34)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffff00;"> Yellow (Electric Yellow) (Hex: #FFFF00) (RGB: 255, 255, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #FDFD02;"> Daisy Yellow (Hex: #FDFD02) (RGB: 255, 253, 2)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #fff700;"> Lemon Yellow (Lemon) Hex: #FFF700) (RGB: 255, 247, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffef00;"> Process Yellow (Pigment Yellow) (Printer's Yellow) (Canary Yellow) (Hex: #FFEF00) (RGB: 255, 239, 0)<li>
Medium Yellow (Crayola Yellow) (Hex: #FFE302) (RGB: 255, 227, 2)
<li style = "background-color: #ffdf00;"> Golden Yellow (Hex: #FFDF00) (RGB: 255, 223, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffd800;"> School Bus Yellow (Hex: #FFD800) (RGB: 255, 216, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffd700;"> Golden (web color Gold) (Hex: #FFD700) (RGB: 255, 215, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffcc00;"> Tangerine Yellow (Hex: #FFCC00) (RGB: 255, 204, 0)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #ffc901;"> Supernova (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #FFC901) (RGB: 255, 201, 1)<li>
Golden Poppy (Hex: #FCC200) (RGB: 252, 194, 0)
Amber (Hex: #FFBF00) (RGB: 255, 191, 0)
Selective Yellow (Hex: #FFBA00) (RGB: 255, 186, 0)
<li style = "background-color: #ffcc33;"> Sunglow (Crayola) (Hex: #FFCC33) (RGB: 255, 204, 51)<li>
Saffron (Hex: #F4C430) (RGB: 244, 196, 48)
Macaroni and Cheese (Crayola) (Hex: #FFB79B) (RGB: 255, 185, 123)
<li style = "background-color: #f4a460;"> Sandy Brown (web color) (Hex: #F4A460) (RGB: 244, 164, 96) <li>
Atomic Tangerine (Crayola) (Hex: #FF9966) (RGB: 255, 153, 102)
Gamboge (Hex: #EF9B0F) (RGB: 239, 155, 15)
Light Buff (Hex: #ECD9B0) (RGB: 236, 217, 176)
Pale Gold (Crayola Gold) (Hex: #E6BE8A) (RGB: 230, 190, 138)
Brass (Hex: #C3A368) (RGB: 195, 163, 104)
California Gold (Hex: #A98F64) (RGB: 169, 143, 100)
Vegas Gold (Hex: #C5B356) (RGB: 197, 179, 88)
Old Gold (Hex: #CFB53B) (RGB: 207, 181, 59)
Metallic Gold (Hex: #D4AF37) (RGB: 212, 175, 55)
Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #DAA520) (RGB: 218, 165, 32)
Banana Yellow (Yellow Ochre) (Human Feces) (Hex: #CCCC33) (RGB: 204, 204, 51)
Satin Sheen Gold (Hex: #CBA135) (RGB: 203, 16, 53)
Buddha Gold (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #C1A004) (RGB: 193, 160, 4)
<li style = "background-color: #cd853f;"> Peru (web color) (Hex: #CD853F) (RGB: 205, 133, 63)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #cc7722;"> Ochre (Hex: #CC7722) (RGB: 204, 119, 34)<li>
Dark Goldenrod (web color) (Hex: #b8860B) (RGB: 184, 134, 11)
Bronze Yellow (Hex: #737000) (RGB: 115, 112, 0)
Dark Mustard (Hex: #7C7C40) (RGB: 124, 124, 64)
Sandy Taupe (Hex: #967117) (RGB: 150, 113, 23)
<li style = "background-color: #c19a6b;"> Fallow (Hex: #C19A6B) (RGB: 193, 154, 107)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #c3b091;"> Khaki (HTML/CSS) (Hex: #C3B091) (RGB: 195, 176, 145)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #cdb891;"> Ecru (Hex: #C3B091) (RGB: 205, 184, 145)<li>
<li style = "background-color: #bdb76b;"> Dark Khaki (X11 "Dark Khaki") (Hex: #BDB76B) (RGB: 189, 183, 107)<li>
Citrine (Hex: #E4D00A) (RGB: 228, 208, 10)
Pear (Hex: #D1E231) (RGB: 209, 226, 49)
<li style = "background-color: #ecf245;"> Starship (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #E3DD39) (RGB: 227, 221, 57)<li>
Chartreuse Yellow (Hex: #DFFF00) (RGB: 223, 255, 0)
Neon Yellow (Hex: #FFFFE0) (RGB: 207, 255, 4)
Electric Lime (Crayola) (Hex: #CCFF00) (RGB: 204, 255, 0)
Lime (Hex: #BFFF00) (RGB: 191, 255, 0)
Green-Yellow (web color) (Hex: #ADFF2F) (RGB: 173, 255, 47)
Spring Bud (Hex: #A7FC00) (RGB: 167, 252, 0)
<li style = "background-color: #9acd32;"> Yellow-Green (web color) (Hex: #9ACD32) (RGB: 154, 205, 50)<li>
Citrus (Xona.com Color List) (Hex: #A1C50A) (RGB: 161, 197, 10)
June Bud (Hex: #BDDA57) (RGB: 189, 218, 87)
Medium Spring Bud (Hex: #C9DC89) (RGB: 202, 220, 137)
Pale Green-Yellow (Crayola Green-Yellow) (Hex: #F1E788) (RGB: 242, 231, 136)
Lime Pulp (Hex: #D1E189) (RGB: 209, 225, 137)
Olivine (Hex: #9AB973) (RGB: 154, 185, 115)
Pistachio (Hex: #93C572) (RGB: 147, 197, 146)
Swamp Green (Hex: #ACB78E) (RGB: 172, 183, 142)
Camouflage Green (Hex: #78866B) (RGB: 120, 134, 107)
Olive (web color) (Dark Yellow) (Hex: #808000) (RGB: 128, 128, 0)
Olive Drab (web color) (Hex: #6B8E23) (RGB: 107, 142, 135)
Dark Olive Green (web color) (Hex: #556B2F) (RGB: 85, 107, 47)
Shadow (Crayola) (Hex: #837050) (RGB: 131, 112, 80)
<li style = "background-color: #734a12; color: #ffffff"> Raw Umber (Hex: #734A12) (RGB: 115, 74, 18)<li>
Olivetone (Xona color list) (Hex: #716E10) (RGB: 113, 110, 16)
Bisque (web colour) (Hex: #3D2B1F) (RGB: 61, 43, 31)
Black Olive (Olive RAL 6015) (Hex: #3B3C36) (RGB: 59, 60, 54)
Related pages
List of colors
Amber
Gold
Basic English 850 words |
| 183 | 16640 | 63728 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal%20direction | Cardinal direction | Cardinal directions or cardinal points are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as N, E, S and W.
North and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the afternoon in the west.
If a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which in some places differs from the direction of the North Pole by a few degrees.
Cardinal directions in world cultures
Through history, different cultures have given different values to each direction. For example, in old Asian culture, each direction is given a color, as follows:
East: Green or Blue
South: Red
West: White
North: Black
Related pages
Latitude
Longitude
Compass
Compass directions |
| 184 | 10433 | 37026 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension | Hypertension | Hypertension or high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is higher than it should be. This involves the heart working harder than normal to circulate blood through the blood vessels.
Blood pressure
The pressure in the arteries changes depending on what the heart is doing. When the heart squeezes, pumping blood into the arteries, the pressure increases. When the heart relaxes, the pressure decreases. When blood pressure is measured, the highest pressure (when the heart is squeezing) is called the systolic blood pressure. The lowest pressure (when the heart is relaxing) is called the diastolic blood pressure.
Blood pressure is written as two numbers. For example, in the picture at the right, the person's systolic blood pressure was 158. Their diastolic blood pressure was 99. This blood pressure is written as 158/99. It is said "158 over 99."
Types
There are two types of hypertension, called “primary” and “secondary.” Primary hypertension means that the hypertension is not caused by any other disease or condition and it gradually develops over time with age. Secondary hypertension means that the hypertension is caused by another disease or conditions. Secondary hypertension tend to result in higher blood pressure than primary hypertension. In most cases (90-95%), hypertension is primary. Only a small amount of hypertension (5-10%) is secondary.
There are various health conditions that leads to secondary hypertension which includes: Obstructive sleep apnea, Kidney problems, Adrenal gland tumors, Thyroid problems, Certain defects you're born with (congenital) in blood vessels, Certain medications (birth control pills, cold remedies, decongestants, over-the-counter pain relievers and some prescription drugs), Illegal drugs (cocaine and amphetamines).
Complications
Hypertension can cause many problems, including heart attack, stroke, Aneurysm, congestive heart failure, kidney failure, vision loss, Metabolic syndrome, Dementia, etc..
To stay healthy, most people should try to keep their blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg.
Risk Factors
The risk factors includes age, Race, Family history or genes, obesity, lack of physical activity, chewing or smoking tobacco, too much salt in diet, not enough potassium in diet, alcohol, stress, kidney disease, diabetes and sleep apnea.
Treatment
Lifestyle changes
Hypertension can often be fixed with changes in diet or lifestyle. The 2004 British Hypertension Society suggests that people with high blood pressure:
Lose weight if they are overweight or obese
Exercise regularly
Decrease the amount of salt they eat
Limit the amount of alcohol they drink
Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables
Medicine
If lifestyle changes do not decrease a person's blood pressure, then the person may need medications. A doctor will choose which medications to use, based on what other medical problems the person has. Examples of medications that decrease blood pressure include:
Diuretics, which increase urination to get rid of extra fluid
Beta blockers, which slow down the heart rate
ACE inhibitors, which relax the arteries
Effectiveness
Even small decreases in blood pressure can have a large effect on a person's health. For example, decreasing blood pressure by 5 mmHg (for example, from 150/100 to 145/95 mmHg) can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%. It can also decrease the risk of heart disease by 21%.
Related pages
Blood pressure
Heart
Arteries
Circulatory system
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
References
What is Blood Pressure Or Hypertension ?
Diseases and disorders of the cardiovascular system |
| 185 | 11191 | 40505 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive%20disjunction | Exclusive disjunction | Exclusive disjunction (also called exclusive or, XOR) is a logic operation on two values. It is often represented by the symbol (or ). It will be true, if exactly one of the two values is true. Otherwise, it will be false. This also means that the result of 'XOR' will be true precisely both the values are different. Same values will result in a false.
The best way to remember a XOR operation is: "One or the other, but not both".
Because of that, this is different from inclusive disjunction.
Truth table
The truth table of (also written as , , or ) is as follows:
Related pages
Boolean algebra
Logical conjunction
XOR gate
References
Logic
Logical connectives |
| 186 | 508 | 2083 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour | Colour | Colour or color is a property of light as seen by people. In Commonwealth English, it is spelled “colour” (notice the U), while in American English it is “color” (no U).
The most common colour names are:
Red
Orange
Yellow
Green
Cyan
Blue
Magenta
Purple
White
Black
Gray (American English)
Grey (Commonwealth English)
Silver
Pink
Maroon
Brown
Beige
Tan
Peach
Lime
Olive
Turquoise
Teal
Navy blue
Indigo
Violet
"Primary colours" can be mixed to make other colours. Red, yellow, and blue are the three traditional primary colours. The primary colours for television screens and computer monitors are red, green and blue. Printers and paints use magenta, yellow, and cyan as their primary colours; they may also use black. Sometimes this set of colours is simply called red, yellow, and blue.
People who can not see colours or have a distorted sense of colour are called colour blind. Most colour blind people are male.
Colours are sometimes added to food. Food colouring is used to colour food, but some foods have natural colourings, like beta carotene.
When something has no colour, it is transparent. An example is air.
The science of color is sometimes called chromatics, colorimetry, or simply color science.
A translucent material is not the same as a colourless material because it can still have a colour, like stained glass.
Related pages
List of colours
References
Basic English 850 words
Color
Vision |
| 187 | 24636 | 96369 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beat%20%27em%20up%20games | Beat 'em up games | Beat 'em up games are video games where the player beats up bad guys while walking through levels. Sometimes the player has to beat up certain bad guys to progress through the game. Most of the time, these games have level bosses which are usually at the end of the level. Examples of "beat-em up" games are arcade games like Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and The Simpsons. Super Smash Bros. Brawl also has a "beat-em up" part in the game where the player fights bad guys from the Subspace Emissary and fights other characters as well in order to beat the levels.
Types of video games
Video game genres |
| 188 | 24088 | 92921 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Plata | La Plata | La Plata is a capital city of the Buenos Aires province, Argentina. More than 600,000 people live there.
Cities in Argentina
Capitals of Argentine provinces
Buenos Aires Province |
| 189 | 3787 | 11352 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A9ra | Guéra | Guéra was one of fourteen prefectures of Chad. The capital city of Guéra was Mongo. Since 2002, Chad is divided into regions.
Prefectures of Chad |
| 190 | 17007 | 64609 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudrecourt%2C%20Moselle | Baudrecourt, Moselle | Baudrecourt is a village in the Lorraine region of France. It is about half way between Metz and Nancy. The TGV high-speed line from Paris to Strasbourg currently ends there. In 1999, 172 people lived there.
Communes in Moselle |
| 191 | 120 | 221 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%20cetera | Et cetera | Et cetera means "and the rest" in Latin. It is often used in English to continue a list that is longer than what can be normally written. People most often write "et cetera" as etc.. Very rarely, it is also written "&c" because the ampersand, or the "&", is the same as "et", having been formed by 'e' and 't' being joined into a single letter. It is also the symbol for "and". Some people write it as "ect", but that is wrong since it incorrectly abbreviates "et cetera".
"Jane has a lot of pets. She has cats, dogs, cows, horses, kangaroos, rabbits, etc."
"Robert ordered a large amount of groceries in order to stock for later. He ordered carrots, tomatoes, potatoes, eggs, etc."
Latin phrases |
| 192 | 4962 | 15674 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick%20Troughton | Patrick Troughton | Patrick George Troughton (25 March 1920 – 28 March 1987) was a British actor. He played different sorts of characters and who was in a lot of movies.
He is best known as the Second Doctor on Doctor Who from 1966 to 1969. He also appeared in Jason & the Argonauts (1963) and The Omen (1976). His grandson, Harry Melling plays Dudley Dursley in the Harry Potter series of movies.
1920 births
1987 deaths
Actors from Middlesex
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors |
| 193 | 9440 | 32256 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brand | Brand | Brand might mean:
an iron rod used to burn an ownership mark on cattle
a trademark: a name, symbol, logo, or other item used to mark a product or maker. This distinguishes it from other companies and their products.
a surname:
David Brand (1912-1979), Australian politician
Joel Brand (1906-1964), Hungarian humanitarian
Ron Brand (born 1940), American retired baseball player
Russell Brand (born 1975), British entertainer |
| 194 | 21001 | 80664 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermippe%20%28moon%29 | Hermippe (moon) | Hermippe or , is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2001, and given the designation .
Hermippe is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 21,182,000 km in 629.809 days, at an orbital inclination of 151° to the ecliptic (149° to Jupiter's equator), with an eccentricity of 0.2290.
It was named in August 2003 by the IAU, after Hermippe, a lover of Zeus (Jupiter).
Hermippe belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.
References
Jupiter's moons |
| 195 | 19883 | 76088 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinus | Quirinus | In Roman mythology, Quirinus was an early god of the Roman state. In Augustan Rome, Quirinus was also a name of Janus, as Janus Quirinus.
History
Quirinus was originally most likely a Sabine god. The Sabines had a settlement near the site of what was to become Rome, and erected an altar to Quirinus on the Collis Quirinalis, the Quirinal Hill, one of the Seven Hills of Rome. When the Romans settled there, they absorbed the cult of Quirinus into their early belief system — previous to direct Greek influence — and he was said to be the deified Romulus.
In later times, however, Quirinus became far less important, losing his place to (Juno and Minerva and Mars' place).
Notes
Roman gods and goddesses |
| 196 | 1134 | 4362 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy | Alloy | An alloy is a uniform mixture. It is made up of two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal. An alloy has properties different from the metals it is made of.
Most alloys are made by melting the metals, mixing them while they are liquid to form a solution, then leaving them to cool and turn solid again.
Theory
Combining a pure metal with one or more other metals or non-metals often makes it better. For example, steel is an alloy made from iron but it is stronger than iron. Physical properties like density, reactivity and electrical and thermal (heat) conductivity may not be much different than the elements (substances) which make the alloy. But, properties like strength can be very much different.
The first alloy to be discovered was Bronze. Bronze is made from copper and tin. Bronze was discovered a very long time ago in the prehistoric period. Then, bronze was being used for making tools and weapons. This period was known as Bronze Age. But, later better alloys were discovered which replaced bronze for making tools and weapons. Now, bronze is used for making ornaments, statues, and bells. Brass is another alloy made from copper and zinc.
Melting point is the temperature at which a solid changes to liquid. Most alloys do not have a single melting point. They have a melting range in which the alloy is a mixture of solid and liquid stages. The temperature at which melting just starts is called solidus and the temperature at which the melting is just finished is called liquidus.
Terms related to alloys
The term alloy means a mixture of atoms in which the main substance or the primary constituent is a metal. This primary metal is called the base or matrix.
If an alloy has only two types of atoms, like copper-nickel alloy, then such an alloy is called binary alloy. If an alloy has three types of atoms, like iron, nickel and chromium, then it is called a ternary alloy. An alloy with four types of atoms is called a quaternary alloy and an alloy with five types of atoms is called a quinary alloy.
Different varieties or forms of alloys can be made from the same constituent materials (substances from which the alloy is formed). These different forms or varieties can be formed by using different amounts of the constituents.
Some common alloys
There are some common alloys:
Brass is made of 35% zinc and 65% copper and is used for musical instruments, jewellery, faucets and decorative hardware.
Stainless steel is mostly iron, plus more than 11% chromium, and various amounts of nickel and carbon and is used for tableware, cookware and surgical tools.
Steel is made of 99% iron and 1% carbon and is used for tools, car bodies, machinery, girders and rails.
Bronze is made of mostly copper and some tin and is used for boat hardware, screws and grill work.
Alnico is a mix of aluminium, nickel and cobalt, and it is used to make permanent magnets.
Metallurgy |
| 197 | 13660 | 50546 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kullervo | Kullervo | Kullervo is a person in the Finnish national epic Kalevala. He is a good looking man with golden hair. Bad things happen to him; his destiny is tragic.
In folk stories Kullervo is the son of the giant Kaleva. In the Kalevala however Kullervo is the son of a man called Kalervo.
In the Kalevala Kullervo's family is killed by Untamo's family before Kullervo is born. Only one woman is not killed. She gives birth to Kullervo who will be a slave of Untamo. Every work that Kullervo tries goes ill. This is why Untamo sells him to a smith called Ilmarinen.
Ilmarinen puts Kullervo to shepherd cows. Ilmarinen's wife gives Kullervo bread that has stones in it. While Kullervo cuts the bread his knife hits the stone and breaks. Kullervo gets angry and curses bears to eat cows and Ilmarinen's wife. Then he escapes.
While travelling Kullervo has sex with a girl. He does not know that this is his own sister. When he finds out he goes very angry and attacks Untamo and kills him and his family. Then he commits suicide.
The story of Kullervo differs from all other folktales in the respect that it describes the effects of child abuse in a very realistic way, and in the end of the poem Väinämöinen especially warns all parents from abusing their children.
Finnish mythology |
| 198 | 17347 | 65761 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metre%20per%20second | Metre per second | Metre per second is an SI unit of measurement of both speed and velocity. It is defined by the distance in metres divided by the time in seconds. Its abbreviation is m/s or m·s-1. In astronomy, the unit is sometimes used in kilometres per second (equivalent to 1000 metres per second).
Conversions
1 metre per second is equivalent to:
≈ 3.2808 feet per second (approximately)
≈ 2.2369 miles per hour (approximately)
= 3.6 km·h−1 (exactly)
1 foot per second = 0.3048 m·s−1 (exactly)
1 mile per hour ≈ 0.4470 m·s−1 (approximately)
1 km·h-1 ≈ 0.2778 m·s−1 (approximately)
1 kilometre per second is equivalent to:
≈ 0.6213 miles per second (approximately)
≈ 2,237 miles per hour (approximately)
Velocity
Units of measurement
SI units |
| 199 | 979 | 3880 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin%20C | Vitamin C | Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is a vitamin. It is found in fresh fruits, berries and vegetables. It is one of the water-soluble vitamins.
Vitamin C is important in wound healing. Without enough vitamin C, a person can get a sickness called scurvy. Lack of vitamin C was a serious health problem on long ocean trips where supplies of fresh fruit were quickly used up. Many people died from scurvy on such trips.
Most animals make their own vitamin C. Some mammals cannot. Those that cannot include the main suborder of primates, the Haplorrhini: these are the tarsiers, monkeys and apes, including humans. Others are bats, capybaras and guinea pigs.
Vitamin C was first discovered in 1928. In 1932, it was proved to stop the sickness called scurvy. That fruit was a cure for scurvy was known long before vitamins were known to exist.
History
Through history the need for people to eat fresh plant food to help them get through long sieges or long sea trips was known by some wise people but was often forgotten.
The first attempt to prove this idea was by a ship's doctor in the British Royal Navy called James Lind, who at sea in May 1747 gave some crew members lemon juice as well as their normal ships food, while others continued on normal food alone.
The results showed that lemons prevented the disease. Lind wrote up his work and published it in 1753.
Lind's work was slow to be noticed. In 1795 the British navy adopted lemon or lime juice as food for sailors.
As well as lemons, limes and oranges; sauerkraut, salted cabbage, malt, and soup were tried with different effects. James Cook relied on sauerkraut to prevent the disease on his long voyages of exploration.
It was believed that only humans got scurvy but in 1907, Alex Holst and Theodore Frohlich, two Norwegian chemists found that guinea pigs could also get it if not given fresh food.
In 1928 the Arctic explorer Vilhjalmur Stefansson proved that Eskimo (Inuit) people are able to avoid scurvy with almost no plant food in their diet by eating raw meat.
In 1912 the Polish American scientist Casimir Funk first used the word vitamin for something present in food in small amounts that is essential to health. He named the unknown thing that prevented scurvy Vitamin C.
From 1928 to 1933, the Hungarian research team of Joseph L Svirbely and Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, and separately the American Charles Glen King, first took out vitamin C from food and showed it to be an acid they called ascorbic acid.
In 1933/1934, the British chemists Norman Haworth and Edmund Hirst, and separately the Polish Tadeus Reichstein, successfully synthesized the vitamin.
It was the first man-made vitamin. This made it possible to make lots of vitamin C cheaply in factories. Haworth won the 1937 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for this work.
In 1959 the American J.J. Burns showed that the reason why some animals get scurvy is because their liver cannot make one chemical enzyme that other animals have.
Sources
Plant sources
Citrus fruits (such as lime, Indian gooseberry, lemon, orange, and grapefruit) are good sources of vitamin C.
Other foods that are good sources of vitamin C include papaya, broccoli, brussels sprouts, blackcurrants, strawberries, cauliflower, spinach, cantaloupe, sweet peppers, and kiwifruit.
The following table is to give an idea of how much vitamin C is in different plant foods. Each individual fruit will vary.
The amount of vitamin C in foods of plant origin depends on the kind of plant, the kind of soil where it grew, how much rain and sun it got, the length of time since it was picked, and how it was stored since then.
Cooking food destroys vitamin C.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table Showing Relative Abundance of Vitamin C in Principal Fruits and some Raw Vegetables
|-----
! Fruit
mg vitamin C per 100 grams of fruit
! Fruit Continued
mg vitamin C per 100 grams of fruit
! Fruit Continued
mg vitamin C per 100 grams of fruit
|-----
| CamuCamu || 2800 || Lemon
| 40 || Grape || 10
|-----
| Rose hip || 2000 || Melon, cantaloupe
| 40 || Apricot || 10
|-----
| Acerola || 1600 || Cauliflower
| 40 || Plum || 10
|-----
| Jujube || 500 || Grapefruit
| 30 || Watermelon || 10
|-----
| Baobab || 400 || Raspberry
| 30 || Banana || 9
|-----
| Blackcurrant || 200
| Tangerine/ Mandarin oranges
| 30 || Carrot || 9
|-----
| Indian gooseberry || 445 || Passion fruit
| 30 || Avocado || 8
|-----
| Guava || 100
|-----
| Kiwifruit || 90 || Spinach
| 30 || Crabapple || 8
|-----
| Broccoli (raw) || 90 || Cabbage (raw green)
| 30 || Peach || 7
|-----
| Loganberry || 80 || Lime
| 20 || Apple || 6
|-----
| Redcurrant || 80 || Mango
| 20 || Blackberry || 6
|-----
| Brussels sprouts || 80 || Melon, honeydew
| 20 || Beetroot || 5
|-----
| Lychee || 70 || Raspberry
| 20 || Pear || 4
|-----
| Persimmon || 60 || Tomato
| 10 || Lettuce || 4
|-----
| Papaya || 60 || Blueberry
| 10 || Cucumber || 3
|-----
| Strawberry || 50 || Pineapple
| 10 || Fig || 2
|-----
| Orange || 50 || Pawpaw || 10 || Bilberry
| 1
|}
Animal sources
Most species of animals synthesise their own vitamin C. It is therefore not a vitamin for them. Synthesis is achieved through a sequence of enzyme driven steps, which convert glucose to ascorbic acid. It is carried out either in the kidneys, in reptiles and birds, or the liver, in mammals and perching birds. The loss of an enzyme concerned with ascorbic acid synthesis has occurred quite frequently in evolution and has affected most fish, many birds; some bats, guinea pigs and most but not all primates, including humans. The mutations have not been lethal because ascorbic acid is so prevalent in the surrounding food sources.
It was only realised in the 1920s that some cuts of meat and fish are also a source of vitamin C for humans. The muscle and fat that make up the modern western diet are however poor sources. As with fruit and vegetables cooking destroys the vitamin C content.
{| class="wikitable"=
|+ Table Showing Relative Abundance of Vitamin C in Foods of Animal Origin
|-----
! Food of animal origin
mg vitamin C per 100 grams food
! Food of animal origin (contd)
mg vitamin C per 100 grams food
! Food of animal
! mg vitamin C per 100 grams food
|-----
| Calf liver (raw) || 36 || Chicken liver (fried )
| 13 || Goats milk (fresh) || 2
|-----
| Beef liver (raw) || 31 || Lamb liver (Fried)
| 12 || Beef steak (fried) || 0
|-----
| Oysters (raw) || 30 || Lamb heart (roast)
| 11 || Hens egg (raw ) || 0
|-----
| Cod Roe (fried) || 26 || Lamb tongue (stewed)
| 6 || Pork Bacon (fried) || 0
|-----
| Pork liver (raw) || 23
| Human milk (fresh)
| 4 || Calf veal cutlet (fried) || 0
|-----
| Lamb brain (boiled) || 17
| Cows milk (fresh) || 2 || Chicken leg (roast)
| 0
|}
Artificial chemical synthesis
Vitamin C is produced from glucose by two main routes. The Reichstein process developed in the 1930s uses a single pre-fermentation followed by a purely chemical route. The more modern Two-Step fermentation process was originally developed in China in the 1960s, uses additional fermentation to replace part of the later chemical stages. Both processes yield approximately 60% vitamin C from the glucose feed.
In 1934, the Swiss pharmaceutical company Hoffmann-La Roche was the first to mass-produce synthetic vitamin C, under the brand name of Redoxon.
Main producers today are BASF/ Takeda, Roche, Merck and the China Pharmaceutical Group Ltd of the People's Republic of China.
Functions of vitamin C in the body
In living organisms, ascorbate is an antioxidant, since it protects the body against oxidative stress. It is also a cofactor in at least eight enzymatic reactions, including several collagen synthesis reactions that cause the most severe symptoms of scurvy when they are dysfunctional. In animals, these reactions are especially important in wound-healing and in preventing bleeding from capillaries.
Vitamin C is needed for the production of collagen in the connective tissue. These fibres are in many places throughout the body; providing firm but flexible structure. Some tissues have a greater percentage of collagen, especially: skin, mucous membranes, teeth, and bones.
Vitamin C is required for making of dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline in the nervous system or in the adrenal glands.
Vitamin C is also needed to make carnitine, important in the transfer of energy to the cell mitochondria.
It is a strong antioxidant.
The tissues with greatest percentage of vitamin C—over 100 times the level in blood plasma—are the adrenal glands, pituitary, thymus, corpus luteum, and retina.
The brain, spleen, lung, testicle, lymph nodes, liver, thyroid, small intestinal mucosa, leukocytes, pancreas, kidney, and salivary glands usually have 10 to 50 times the concentration present in plasma.
Vitamin C deficiency
Lack of ascorbic acid in the daily diet leads to a disease
called scurvy, a form of avitaminosis that is characterized by:
Loose teeth
Superficial bleeding
Fragility of blood vessels
Poor healing
Compromised immunity
Mild anemia.
Daily requirement
A healthy person on a balanced western diet should be able to get all the vitamin C needed to prevent the symptoms of scurvy from their daily diet. People who smoke, those under stress and women in pregnancy have a slightly higher requirement.
The amount of vitamin C needed to avoid deficiency symptoms and maintain health has been set by variously national agencies as follows:
40 mg per day UK Food Standards Agency
60–95 mg per day US Food and Nutrition Board 2001 revision.
Some researchers have calculated the amount needed for an adult human to achieve similar blood serum levels as Vitamin C synthesising mammals as follows:
200 mg per day - Linus Pauling Institute and US National Institutes of Health (NIH) Recommendation.
3000 mg per day - Vitamin C Foundation's recommendation.
6000–12000 mg per day–Thomas Levy, Colorado Integrative Medical Centre recommendation.
6000–18000 mg per day - Linus Pauling's daily recommendation
High doses (thousands of mg) may result in diarrhoea, which is harmless if the dose is reduced immediately. Some researchers (Cathcart) claim the onset of diarrhoea to be an indication of where the body’s true vitamin C requirement lies.
The small size of the ascorbic acid molecule means the kidneys cannot retain it in the body. Quite a low level in the blood serum will cause traces to be present in the urine. All vitamin C synthesising mammals have traces in the urine at all times.
In April 1998 Nature reported alleged carcinogenic and teratogenic effects of excessive doses of vitamin C. This was given great prominence in the world's media. The effects were noted in test tube experiments and on only two of the 20 markers of free radical damage to DNA. They have not been supported by further evidence from living organisms. Almost all mammals manufacture their own vitamin C in amounts equivalent to human doses of thousands of milligrams per day. Large amounts of the vitamin are used in orthomolecular medicine and no harmful effects have been observed even in doses of 10,000 mg per day or more.
Therapeutic uses
Vitamin C is needed in the diet to prevent scurvy. It also has a reputation for being useful in the treatment of colds and flu. The evidence to support this idea, however, is ambiguous and the effect may depend on the dose size and dosing regime. The Vitamin C Foundation recommends 8 grams of vitamin C every half hour to show an effect on cold symptoms.
Vitamin C advocacy
Fred R. Klenner, a doctor in Reidsville, North Carolina reported in 1949 that poliomyelitis yielded to repeated megadoses of intravenous vitamin C.
Nobel Prize winning chemist Linus Pauling began actively promoting vitamin C in the 1960s as a means to greatly improve human health and resistance to disease.
A minority of medical and scientific opinion continues to see vitamin C as being a low cost and safe way to treat infectious disease and to deal with a wide range of poisons.
A meta-study of the published research claimed that relatively high levels of vitamin C must be maintained in the body for it to function effectively as an antioxidant.
Some research shows that there are veterinary benefits of vitamin C as well.
One meta-study of the published research examined the effectiveness of ascorbic acid in the treatment of infectious disease and toxins. It was conducted in 2002 by Dr. Thomas Levy, Medical Director of the Colorado Integrative Medical Center in Denver. It claimed that overwhelming scientific evidence exists for its therapeutic role.
Some vitamin C advocates say that vitamin C is not used therapeutically because it cannot be patented. Pharmaceutical companies seek to generate revenue and profit their shareholders. They may be reluctant to research or promote something that will make them little money.
References
Vitamins |
| 200 | 24058 | 92844 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasseramt%20%28district%29 | Wasseramt (district) | Wasseramt is one of the 10 districts of the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland, found in the south of the canton.
Wasseramt contains these municipalities:
Districts of Solothurn |
| 201 | 12324 | 45446 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic | Electronic | Electronic could mean:
Electronics, devices or parts of devices using electrical signals
Electronic music or electronica
Electron configuration in an atom or molecule
Video game company Electronic Arts |
| 202 | 15626 | 59642 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town%20privileges | Town privileges | Town privileges were important things. They were special treaties or royal charters used in the Middle Ages. In such a charter, a sovereign, a monarch granted the town or city special rights. These usually included
The right to have a market, to form guilds
Some freedoms, like to determine the government of the town or city, or to judge criminals.
Some people who permanently lived in the town or city (called Burghers) had special rights. Getting these rights was a special privilege (and not granted to everyone).
Many of those charters were very similar. In the end, only few charters remained in use. Notable ones in the territory of modern-day Germany include the Lübeck law, the Magdeburg rights and the Kulm law.
Middle Ages |
| 203 | 42 | 76 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser | Browser | A browser is a name given to any animal, usually a herbivorous mammal, which eats leaves and shrubs rather than grass. It is contrasted with grazers, which eat grass.
Ecology
Zoology |
| 204 | 13141 | 48167 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsey%20Jacobellis | Lindsey Jacobellis | Lindsey Jacobellis (born August 19, 1985 in Danbury, Connecticut) is an American snowboarder. She competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics and won the silver medal.
References
Other websites
Lindsey Jacobellis at NBC Olympics
Lindsey Jacobellis at ESPN XGames
Lindsey Jacobellis at ESPN XGames
1985 births
Living people
American Olympic silver medalists
Sportspeople from Connecticut |
| 205 | 2486 | 7953 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt%20%28law%29 | Guilt (law) | In criminal law, a person is guilty if a court has decided they have done something illegal. If a person has broken a law by stealing, for example, they are guilty of a crime.
A person is guilty if a court says they are. The court has blamed them for doing something wrong. A guilty person is punished. The punishment is called the sentence.
Law |
| 206 | 19465 | 74210 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%20of%20the%20Republic%20of%20Poland | President of the Republic of Poland | The President of the Republic of Poland (Polish: Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) is the president of Poland. The president directly elected by the people to serve a term of five years. He can be reelected only once. His rights and responsibilities are determined by the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
In agreement with the current Constitution, the President of the Republic of Poland is the head of state, the supreme representative of Poland and the guarantor of the continuity of government and is prevented from holding office for more than two consecutive terms. This means that the President heads the executive authority, is appointed to represent Polish interests on the international arena, ensures the observance of the Constitution, and is responsible for the security of the state. The President calls elections to the Sejm and the Polish Senate. He has a right to dissolve the parliament when it fails to form a Council of Ministers or pass the budget act. He can (with the Senate's consent) call a national referendum in matters important for the state, requiring the decision of all the citizens.
Living former Presidents
There are three living former Polish Presidents:
References
id:Presiden Polandia |
| 207 | 17285 | 65449 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami%20Ink | Miami Ink | Miami Ink is an American television show on TLC about a tattoo shop in Miami, Florida.
Other websites
2005 American television series debuts
2008 American television series endings
2000s American television series
American reality television series
Miami, Florida
Television series set in Florida
English-language television programs |
| 208 | 20054 | 76783 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulfila%20Bible | Wulfila Bible | The Wulfila Bible (or Gothic Bible) is a translation of parts of the Bible into the Gothic language. It was done by a Christian Bishop, called Wulfila, in the 3rd century. It contains mainly a translation of the New Testament. The basis for the translation was a Greek version of the Bible. Up till then, the Goths had used runes to write. This was impractical, though. For this reason Wulfila also invented the Gothic alphabet. The Gothic alphabet is based on the Greek one.
Many copies of parts of the text still exist today. Most of them are from the 6th to 8th century. The Wulfila bible is the oldest written text of a Germanic language. It is very important for research.
Text of The Lord's Prayer in the Wulfilabible
þ is pronounced like the English th in the.
atta unsar þu ïn himina
weihnai namo þein
qimai þiudi nassus þeins
wairþai wilja þeins
swe ïn himina jah ana airþai
hlaif unsarana þana sin teinan gif uns himma daga
jah aflet uns þatei skulans sijai ma
swaswe jah weis afletam þai skulam unsaraim
jah ni brig gais uns ïn fraistubnjai
ak lau sei uns af þamma ubilin
unte þeina ïst þiudangardi
jah mahs jah wulþus ïn aiwins
amen
Other websites
Full text of the Wulfilabible
Smaller gothic fragments
Bible versions |
| 209 | 19797 | 75729 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totalitarianism | Totalitarianism | Totalitarianism is when regimes (political systems) control all public behaviour and as much of private behaviour as they can. No elections are held, or if they are, candidates must be approved by the ruling group. Physical force and/or arrests and detentions are used on people who protest against the regime. There are events such as parades or rallies. These suggest to the people that the ruling group is in complete control.
For some, totalitarianism is as old as history. However, their main examples in modern times are Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, North Korea, the Soviet Union, Eritrea and China.
There are other countries which had dictatorships, but never reached full totalitarianism. Italian fascism under Benito Mussolini, Spain under General Franco, Portugal under Dr. Salazar, China under Mao Zedong, and many Latin American countries for periods were dictatorships with some aspects of totalitarianism. Some African countries have been dictatorships for long periods (e.g. Zimbabwe). The Empire of Japan (predecessor state of the modern nation-state of Japan) was a well-known example of a totalitarian military dictatorship during World War II. The satire Nineteen Eighty-Four by George Orwell was about such a society taken to extremes.
The list is long: it is not true that most countries today are democratic.
According to some, authoritarianism "does not attempt to change the world and human nature". In contrast, a totalitarian regime attempts to control virtually all aspects of the social life, including the economy, education, art, science, private life and morals of citizens.
Related pages
Dictatorship
Fascism
Nazism
Stalinism
References
Forms of government |
| 210 | 21153 | 81056 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiasso | Chiasso | Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.
Sport
Football: FC Chiasso
Ice hockey: HC Chiasso
Road bicycle racing: GP Chiasso (UCI Europe Tour)
References
Other websites
Official municipality website
Municipalities of Ticino |
| 211 | 14086 | 52286 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastide | Bastide | A bastide is a fortified town. They were built mainly in the south of France in the Middle Ages. Most bastides were built between 1229 and 1373, between the Albigensian Crusade and the Hundred Years' War. Today, there are about 400 bastides. They all have a central square, and a rectangular street layout. On the market square, the houses have arcades. They were usually built in places that were easy to defend, such as the top of a hill or on a plain.
Well-known bastides today are Carcassonne and Andorra la Vella.
Overview
Bastides are medieval cities. There is an act of foundation (a law made to start them). There are often historic documents written about them.
Some times they are planned cities and are usually only one architect (or one lord) designs it. They were often built where there was already a village, or at a place of historical importance. They were sometimes also built where people bought and sold things a lot (for example where trading routes crossed).
The Treaty of Paris (1229) is sometimes seen as the foundation act which made the construction of modern cities and bastides possible. The treaty itself ended the Albigensian Crusade. One of the first bastides built was Montauban. Montauban became a city in 1144. However some consider Mont-de-Marsan which was founded in 1133 to be a bastide.
Purpose
Most bastides were built in the countryside. They were basically to serve the needs of local trade (usually, agriculture). A few of them were built in places which were very easy to defend. Others were built where it was possible to defend them, but most bastides were simply built where they were needed. The time when they were built was a peaceful one in the region.
Builders of Bastides
Bastides were built by people who had a high social status, such as:
The counts of Toulouse, Raymond VII and Alphonse of Poitiers.
The kings of France, Louis IX, Philippe III, and Philippe IV.
The kings of England, Edward I, Edward II and Edward III.
High-ranking seneschals, Doat Alaman, Eustache of Beaumarchès and Jean of Grailly. They did this in the name of their lords.
Local lords, namely the counts of Foix, of Comminges and Astarac.
Religious authorities, such as monasteries and abbeys.
Structural elements
Central square
The main feature of all bastides is a central, open place, or square. It was used for markets, but also used for political and social gatherings. A typical square, (which was probably a model for other bastides), can be found in Montauban.
Generally, there is just one square. Saint-Lys and Albias are different because they have two squares, one for the market, and one square for the church.
The square is also used to divide the city into quarters. Generally it lies outside the main street (the axis) which carried the traffic. There are three possible layouts:
completely closed: The square does not touch any street. These are very rare; there is one example at Tournay with a size of by ).
single-axis: These happen because of the single-axis design of the bastide. All roads run in one direction and are parallel. Here and there there are alleys cut between the roads. The square is placed between two roads. These squares are usually to on each side.
grid-layout; usually based on the square in Montauban.
Generally the flattest place in the bastide was used for the square.
Church
Except in very rare cases, the church was not on the central square. Usually it was at an angle, and faced the square diagonally. One of the rare exceptions is Villefranche-de-Rouergue.
Houses
There were clear rules how houses could be built in the bastide. The front of the houses - the façades - had to line up. Also there had to be a small space between the houses. The different housing lots were all alike, by was a common size. There were only a limited number of lots. This varied between 10, and several thousand (3,000 in Grenade-sur-Garonne)
Streets
The streets were usually – wide, so a chariot could pass through. They ran alongside the façades of the houses. Alleys run between streets, these are usually only – wide. Sometimes they are only – wide. In a bastide there were usually between one and eight streets.
City walls
When bastides were founded most had no city walls or fortifications. This was because it was a peaceful time in history. Such things were added later. This was done either through a special tax, or through a law that required that the people of the city helped build the walls. A good example is Libourne. Ten years after the city was founded, the people asked for money to build city walls. Once they had received the money, they spent it on making their city prettier, rather than building walls.
At the beginning of the Hundred Years' War, many bastides that had no city walls were destroyed. Some of the others quickly built stone walls, to protect the city.
Layout of a bastide
There are different base layouts for bastides. Often for each type of layout, there was a bastide that was an example for other bastides. The most common layout started from two perpendicular streets. New streets were made parallel to the two original streets. This led to a usually rectangular grid layout.
Unstructured bastide
There seems to have been no plan when these bastides were built. This may have been for the following reasons:
They were built in a place where there already was a hamlet or village and the bastide had to allow for the buildings.
There were very few people who lived in the bastide, (which means the reason for the bastide failed).
The lords who built them had little or no authority to put their ideas into practice.
An example of such a bastide is La Bastide-de-Bousignac.
Circular bastide
The circle layout for a bastide was very rare. The only surviving example is in Fourcès.
Enclosing type
Enclosing bastides were built around an existing small village or hamlet. There already was a church or a small group of houses. When new houses were built, they were added around the original buildings.
One axis design
There is one main street that links the two gates. This makes the axis around which the bastide was built. These are quite common, with about 30—40% of all bastides using this design. Very often they are found on flat land. The square is often made by making the main street bigger. Very often there are alleys which run perpendicular to the main street. This layout is very easy to change to fit in with the local landscape.
An example of a one axis bastide is Gimont. Gimont is long, and only wide. Sometimes, there is another street which runs parallel to the main axis. The city square is made between the two streets.
Two axis design
There are two main streets, axes, which are perpendicular (make a right angle). All other streets are at a right angle, or parallel to one of the two main streets. The city square is very often in the centre, or very near the centre. The whole city is either rectangular, square, hexagonal or oval shaped. This layout was the plan used at the height of the bastide movement.
Making a bastide
A few steps are necessary to make a new bastide, these are:
Choosing a place where the baside can be built.
Choosing a name for it; there are different options:
Telling about the privileges of citizenship: Villefranche, La Bastide.
Telling about the site where it is built; Monségur or Montastruc tell about the fact the place was easy to defend or a pleasant one to live in.
The name tells about foreign cities the lord has visited when he went abroad, like for a crusade or for a war: Pavie, Fleurance (for Florence), Grenade, Cordes (for Cordoba), Tournay (for Tournai in Flanders ), but also Bruges (Bruges, also in Flanders) and Gan (Ghent, in Belgium).
Name of the founding nobleman, for example Libourne is named after Leyburn.
The authority of a king: Montréal (means: mountain of the king).
A contract is made between the noblemen who owned the land, and who (co-)founded the city.
A plan of what the city should look like is drawn.
Once all this steps are done, the bastide is not yet founded. The next step is to attract people to come live in the new city. This is done by making a Charta of customs. This Charta does not tell so much about customs, but rather about the privileges those that live there (the citizens) get. These privileges can be of different kinds:
Based on taxes: Those that live in the city have to pay less taxes.
Based on a given legal status.
Based on honorifics.
Bastides wanted to attract people who should come to live there. They therefore offered equality to those who came to live there. They made it look like citizens had equal rights, and were free.
Legal foundations for bastides
The social system was very fixed and unchanging during the Middle Ages. The system of laws of the Middle Ages was built on the fact that society did not change. Everyone had their place in the system and they stayed there. The lords who built the bastide did not want to change the social system. All they wanted was small local improvements. Usually, the land where the bastide was built was not developed. The lords that owned the land were not making much money from it. They built the bastide because they hoped they would get more profits from the land.
For these reasons, people who already had a social status, (serfs, noblemen and priests) could not settle in the bastide. A few poor noblemen gave their land to the city and started a career as a trader, because that way they could earn more money than before.
The people who lived in the city looked free, but this freedom had limits:
When they came to the city, they had equal chances of being able to live there, and being made a citizen (Not all people who lived in the bastide were citizens).
On paper, all citizens had equal rights and duties.
Men and women did not have equal rights. Women are often mentioned in the Charter, and have some rights:
In most of the bastides, husbands did not have the right to beat their wives.
There are special rules regarding dowry. Sometimes even men have to pay it.
Lepers were usually not welcome in the city. Certain bastides had special places which would treat them, but they were generally excluded from social life. They had to wear special badges to show they were ill, and they could not come close to normal people.
Another group of people that was generally not welcome were the Jews. In the beginning there was no problem, but later Jews were persecuted. Philip IV of France did not allow any Jews to live in France, in 1306. He confiscated their belongings and sold them.
Charter
Later developments
A number of bastides were successful and still exist today. Many others have failed, and most of their population left them.
The bastides had three stages of development or change:
Many bastides failed to take off, and disappeared, as new people did not come to live there. Those that are left see an economic growth that changes the way south-eastern France is organised.
During the Hundred Years' War the bastides that are left, are forced to build city walls to defend themselves. Those that do not disappear from the map during the war. After the end of the war, there is prosperity again. The position of the bourgeoisie is strengthened. Long-distance roads are built and the bastides along these roads profit enormously.
In the 19th and 20th centuries people left the countryside to move to the cities. During this time bastides are tested again, and some disappear.
Images
Related pages
List of Bastides
References
Reading material |
| 212 | 966 | 3858 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spade | Spade | In gardening, a spade is a tool for digging. It is similar to a shovel. It has a straight handle, usually of wood and a blade, usually of steel.
For some purposes the difference between a spade and a shovel is important. For example, spade more easily digs in hard soil; a shovel more easily moves gravel.
In card games a spade is one of the four shapes or "suits" of cards.
Basic English 850 words
Gardening tools |
| 213 | 9341 | 32003 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia | Crocodilia | The Order Crocodilia is a group of Archosaur reptiles. There are three living families.
Crocodiles are the nearest living relatives to birds, because they are both survivors of the Archosaurs.
Crocodiles are first found in the Upper Cretaceous period. They are descendents of a much wider group of Archosaurs called the Crocodylomorphs. These, in the Upper Triassic, were slender land-living forms, the sister group of the dinosaurs.
The Crocodylomorphs, in turn, were part of an even larger group, the Crurotarsi, which are first seen early in the Triassic.
Sauropsida
Archosauria
Crurotarsi
Crocodylomorphs
Crocodilia
Taxonomy
Order Crocodilia
Family Crocodylidae
Crocodiles
Family Alligatoridae
Alligators
Caimans
Family Gavialidae
Gharial
False Gharial |
| 214 | 24009 | 92716 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchberg | Buchberg | Buchberg is a municipality in the canton of Schaffhausen in Switzerland.
References
Other websites
Official website
Municipalities of Schaffhausen |
| 215 | 8885 | 30077 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1689 | 1689 |
Events
Louis XIV of France passed the "Code Noir," allowing the full use of slaves in the French colonies.
January 11 – The Parliament of England declares King James II of England deposed.
February 13 – William III and Mary II are proclaimed co-rulers of England, Scotland and Ireland. Scotland and Ireland do not yet recognize them.
April 11 – The Estates of Scotland declare King James VII of Scotland deposed.
April 11 – Crowning of co-rulers King William III and Mary II as King and Queen of England, Scotland and Ireland. Ireland does not recognize them yet.
May 12 – King William's War: William III of England joins the League of Augsburg starting the war.
May 24 – The Act of Toleration passes the English Parliament protecting Protestants (Roman Catholics are intentionally excluded).
May 25 – Last collection of the Hearth Tax n England and Wales. It was abolished by William III of England
May 31 – Leisler's Rebellion – Calvinist Jacob Leisler deposes lieutenant governor Francis Nicholson and assumes control of New York colony
July 27 – Glorious Revolution: Battle of Killiecrankie ends
August 5 – 1,500 Iroquois attack village of Lachine, in New France.
August 27 – China and Russia signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk.
December 16 – The official declaration of the English Bill of Rights |
| 216 | 20747 | 79801 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/56%20%28number%29 | 56 (number) | Fifty-six is a number. It comes between fifty-five and fifty-seven, and is an even number. It is divisible by 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 14, 28, and 56.
Integers |
| 217 | 19385 | 73826 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipton%20%28disambiguation%29 | Tipton (disambiguation) | Tipton may refer to:
Towns or Cities
Tipton, town in the West Midlands, England
Tipton, Indiana, city in Indiana, USA
Tipton, Iowa, city in Iowa, USA
Tipton, Kansas, city in Kansas, USA
Tipton, Oklahoma, city in Oklahoma, USA
People
Analeigh Tipton, the American figure skater, actress, and fashion model.
Billy Tipton, the American jazz musician and bandleader.
Zurlon Tipton, the American football player.
In Fiction
The Tipton Hotel or fictional character London Tipton from the television series, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody |
| 218 | 3885 | 11612 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilnius | Vilnius | Vilnius is the largest city and the capital of Lithuania, with a population of 553,904 (850,700 together with Vilnius County) as of December 2005. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County. Vilnius lies 312 kilometres (194 mi) from the Baltic Sea and Klaipėda, the chief Lithuanian seaport. Vilnius is connected by highways to other major Lithuanian cities, such as Kaunas (102 km/63 mi away), Šiauliai (214 km/133 mi away) and Panevėžys (135 km/84 mi away).
History
See History of Vilnius
Population
According to the 2001 census by the Vilnius Regional Statistical Office, there were 542,287 inhabitants in the Vilnius city municipality, of which 57.8% were Lithuanians, 18.7% Poles, 14% Russians, 4.0% Belarusians, 1.3% Ukrainians and 0.5% Jews.
Climate
The climate of Vilnius is considered as Humid Continental or Hemiboreal by Köppen climate classification. Summers can be hot, with temperatures above thirty degrees Celsius throughout the day. Winters can be very cold, with temperatures rarely reaching above freezing
Tourism
Vilnius is a cosmopolitan city with diverse architecture. There are more than 40 churches in Vilnius. Restaurants, hotels and museums have sprouted since Lithuania declared independence. Like most medieval towns, Vilnius was developed around its Town Hall. The Old Town, the historical centre of Vilnius, is one of the largest in Europe (3.6 km²). The most valuable historic and cultural sites are concentrated here. The main sights of the city are Gediminas Castle and Cathedral Square, symbols of the capital. The Old Town of Vilnius was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1994. In 1995, the first bronzecast of Frank Zappa in the world was installed near the center of Vilnius with the permission of the government.
Economy
Vilnius is the major economic centre of Lithuania and one of the largest financial centres of the Baltic states.
Education
The city has many universities. The biggest are:
Vilnius University
Vilnius Gediminas Technical University
Mykolas Romeris University
Vilnius Pedagogical University
Specialized higher schools with the university status are:
General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania
Lithuanian Academy of Music and Theatre
Vilnius Academy of Fine Arts
National M. K. Čiurlionis School of Art
Religion
Vilnius is the Roman Catholic center of the country, with the main church institutions and Archdiocesan Cathedral located here. There are many churches in the city as there are many monasteries and religion schools. The Church architecture in the city includes Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque and Neoclassical styles, these styles can be foundin the Old Town. Vilnius is considered one of the main centers of the Polish Baroque movement in architecture of churches. Vilnius has been home to an Eastern Orthodox Christian presence since the thirteenth century. A famous Russian Orthodox monastery, named for the Holy Spirit, is located near the Gate of Dawn. St. Paraskeva's Orthodox Church in the Old Town is the site of the baptism of Hannibal, the great-grandfather of Pushkin, by Tsar Peter the Great in 1705. A number of Protestant and other Christian groups are present in Vilnius, most notably the Lutheran Evangelicals and the Baptists.
Once widely known as Yerushalayim De Lita (the "Jerusalem of Lithuania"), Vilnius once was comparable only to Jerusalem, Israel, as a world center for the study of the Torah, and for its large Jewish population. That is why one part of Vilnius was named Jeruzalė. At the end of the 19th century, the number of synagogues in Vilnius was more than hundred.
Islam came to Lithuania in the 14th century from Crimea and Kazan, through the Tatars. Tatars in Lithuania have maintained their religious practices: currently, about 3,000 Tatar Muslims live in Lithuania. There are same few groups of pre-Christian pagan in the city.
Subdivisions
The city of Vilnius is made up of 21 elderates that are based on neighbourhoods:
Verkiai — includes Baltupiai, Jeruzalė, Santariškės, Balsiai, Visoriai
Antakalnis — includes Valakampiai, Turniškės, Dvarčionys
Pašilaičiai — includes Tarandė
Fabijoniškės — includes Bajorai
Pilaitė
Justiniškės
Viršuliškės
Šeškinė
Šnipiškės
Žirmūnai — includes Šiaurės miestelis
Karoliniškės
Žvėrynas
Grigiškės — a separate town included in the Vilnius city municipality
Lazdynai
Vilkpėdė — includes Vingis park
Naujamiestis — includes bus and train stations
Senamiestis (Old Town) — includes Užupis
Naujoji Vilnia — includes Pavilnys, Pūčkoriai
Paneriai — includes Trakų Vokė, Gariūnai
Naujininkai — includes Kirtimai, Salininkai, Vilnius International Airport
Rasos — includes Belmontas, Markučiai
Transport
Motorways
Vilnius is the starting point of the Vilnius-Kaunas-Klaipėda motorway that runs across Lithuania and connects the three major cities. The Vilnius-Panevėžys motorway is a branch of the Via-Baltica.
Airports
Vilnius International Airport serves most Lithuanian international flights to many major European destinations.
Public Transport
Vilnius has a public transportation system. There are over 60 bus and 19 trolleybus routes, the trolleybus network is one of the biggest in Europe. Over 250 buses and 260 trolleybuses transport about 500,000 people every day. In the end of year 2007 a new electronic monthly ticket system was introduced.
Sister cities
Vilnius has 14 sister cities.
References
Other websites
Vilnius Public Transport System |
| 219 | 3960 | 12277 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012 | 2012 | 2012 (twenty twelve) (MMXII) was a .
The year 2012 was the International Year of Cooperatives and the Alan Turing Year.
2012 was the Chinese Year of Water Dragon based on the 12-year Chinese Zodiac cycle.
Events
January
January 1 – Start of Denmark's Presidency of the European Union
January 5 – Portia Simpson-Miller becomes Prime Minister of Jamaica for a second time.
January 6 – New Mexico celebrates the 100th anniversary of its statehood.
January 10 – The Doomsday Clock is set to five minutes before midnight, after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Japan in 2011, and the nuclear threat level.
January 13–22 – The first Winter Youth Olympics are held in Innsbruck, Austria.
January 14 – The cruise ship Costa Concordia runs aground off the Tuscan coast, at the island of Giglio, and partially sinks. Out of more than 4000 people on board, at least 30 people are killed.
January 18 – The English language Wikipedia blacks out for 24 hours in protest against the internet laws SOPA and PIPA proposed by the United States Congress.
January 20 – 185 people are killed in a series of coordinated bombings in Kano, Nigeria, carried out by the Islamist extremist group Boko Haram.
January 23 – The EU adopts an embargo against Iran over its uranium enrichment.
January 30 – Following this date, cold weather in Europe causes several deaths, due to the low temperatures.
January 31 – 433 Eros, the second-largest Near Earth Object on record (size 13×13×33 km) passes Earth. NASA studied Eros with the NEAR Shoemaker probe launched on February 17, 1996.
February
February 1 – Violence erupts at the end of a football match in Port Said, Egypt, killing 74 people.
February 2 – The ferry MV Rabaul Queen sinks off the north coast of Papua New Guinea, with at least 230 people being rescued, and several missing.
February 6 – Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II marking the 60th anniversary of her accession to the Thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia & New Zealand (as well as the 60th anniversary of her becoming Head of the Commonwealth).
February 7 - President of the Maldives Mohamed Nasheed announces his resignation. Mohammed Waheed Hassan takes over from him.
February 11 - American singer and actress Whitney Houston is found dead at her hotel in Los Angeles.
February 12 - The Zambia national football team wins the African Cup of Nations, defeating the Ivory Coast.
February 15 - A fire at a prison in Honduras kills at least 357 people.
February 17 - President of Germany Christian Wulff announces his resignation following a home-loan scandal. He is the shortest-serving President in the history of the Federal Republic of Germany. Horst Seehofer becomes interim-President.
February 19 - Iran suspends oil exports to France and the United Kingdom, after sanctions were imposed by the EU and the United States.
February 21 - EU finance ministers reach an agreement on a 130 billion-Euro bailout for Greece.
February 25 - Abd Rabbuh Mansur Al-Hadi succeeds Ali Abdullah Saleh as President of Yemen.
March
March 2 - A tornado outbreak in Alabama, Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana kills 39 people.
March 4 - Several munitions dump explosions in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo, kill over 250 people.
March 4 - Vladimir Putin declares victory in the Russian Presidential Election, returning him to the Presidency.
March 13 - It is announced that, after 244 years, the Encyclopedia Britannica is to stop its print edition to focus on its online version.
March 13 - A coach crash in Switzerland kills 28 people, including 22 children, who were returning to Belgium.
March 18 - Joachim Gauck is chosen to succeed Christian Wulff as President of Germany. He becomes President immediately.
March 19 - Four people are killed in a shooting attack at a Jewish school in Toulouse, France. The gunman, Mohammed Merah, is killed three days later after a siege.
March 22 - Ahmed Toumani Toure, President of Mali, is ousted in a coup after armed soldiers attack government offices.
March 25 - Macky Sall is elected President of Senegal, succeeding Abdoulaye Wade.
April
April 1 - Aung San Suu Kyi wins a seat in the Burmese parliament.
April 2 - President of Hungary Pal Schmitt resigns following a plagiarism scandal.
April 5 - President of Malawi Bingu wa Mutharika dies. Joyce Banda succeeds him.
April 6 - The National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad declares an independent state, Azawad, in northern Mali, which is not recognised internationally.
April 11 - Two strong earthquakes strike off the Indian Ocean coast of Sumatra, causing widespread panic and tsunami alerts all around the Indian Ocean.
April 12 - A coup takes place in Guinea-Bissau as mutinous soldiers arrest interim President Raimundo Pereira and Presidential candidate Carlos Gomes Junior, as they take control of the capital, Bissau.
April 13 - Kwangmyongsong-3, a North Korean earth observation satellite, explodes shortly after launch.
April 16 - The trial of Anders Behring Breivik, perpetrator of the 2011 Norway attacks, begins in Oslo.
April 22 - Francois Hollande defeats Nicolas Sarkozy in the first round of the French Presidential election. They both go through to the second round, as National Front leader Marine Le Pen comes third.
April 26 - Former President of Liberia Charles Taylor is found guilty of war crimes, committed during the Sierra Leone Civil War.
May
May 2 – Edvard Munch's The Scream sells for 120 million US dollars, a record price for a work of art at auction.
May 6 – Second round of the French Presidential Election: Francois Hollande is elected President of France, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy.
May 6 – The Parliamentary election in Greece ends in an inconclusive result. A re-run is scheduled for June 17.
May 7 – Vladimir Putin becomes President of Russia for a second time, swapping places with Dmitry Medvedev, who becomes Prime Minister.
May 12 – The 2012 World Expo begins in Yeosu, South Korea. It is due to last until August 12.
May 15 – Francois Hollande becomes President of France.
May 18-20 – The G8 Summit is held at Camp David, near Washington, DC after a last minute switch of location. Chicago was originally the host city of the G8 summit prior to the NATO Summit.
May 20 – Taur Matan Ruak becomes President of East Timor.
May 20-21 - The first NATO Summit in the United States outside of Washington, D.C. is held in Chicago, Illinois.
May 20 – A magnitude 6 earthquake strikes northern Italy, killing at least 7 people and destroying many historic buildings.
May 20 – Annular solar eclipse: Path of annularity runs through the Pacific Ocean from East Asia to the Western and Midwestern United States.
May 22 - The Tokyo Skytree in Tokyo, Japan, opens to the public. It is the tallest self-supporting tower in the world, at a height of 634 metres.
May 26 – Final of the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan, which is won for Sweden by Loreen.
May 29 - Mitt Romney secures the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States.
June
June 2 - Former President of Egypt Hosni Mubarak is sentenced to prison for ordering the killing of demonstrators during the 2011 Egyptian protests.
June 2-5 - Celebrations take place across the UK and Commonwealth to mark Queen Elizabeth II's 60 years on the throne.
June 3 - A Dana Air Flight crashes into a building in Lagos, Nigeria, killing all 153 people on board and 40 on the ground.
June 4 - Partial lunar eclipse
June 6 – The second and last solar transit of Venus of the century. The next pair is predicted to occur in 2117 and 2125.
June 8-July 1 – The UEFA Euro 2012 is played in Poland and Ukraine. It is won by the Spain national football team.
June 9 - Devastating wildfires begin in Colorado.
June 17 - Parliamentary election in Greece: The second such election in Greece in the space of six weeks.
June 17 - The deciding round of Egypt's Presidential election is held.
June 18-June 23 – Turing Centenary Conference at the University of Cambridge, in honor of the mathematician, computer scientist, and cryptographer Alan Turing, the last day of the conference being the hundredth anniversary of his birth.
June 20 - Antonis Samaras is sworn in as Prime Minister of Greece.
June 22 - President of Paraguay Fernando Lugo is removed from office by impeachment and is succeeded by Federico Franco.
June 22 - A Turkish Air Force McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II fighter airplane is shot down by the Syrian Armed Forces, killing both pilots on board, further damaging already difficult relations between the two countries.
June 24 - Shenzhou 9, a Chinese spacecraft carrying three Chinese astronauts, including the first female one, docks manually with orbiting module Tiangong 1, becoming the third country to successfully perform the mission.
June 24 - Mohamed Morsi of the Muslim Brotherhood is announced as the winner of Egypt's Presidential election.
June 28 - The United States Supreme Court declares that Barack Obama's healthcare reform plan is constitutional.
June 30 - Mohamed Morsi is sworn in as President of Egypt.
June 30 - Iceland's Presidential election is held, won by incumbent President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson.
June 30 - An extra leap second is added at the end of the month.
July
July 1 - Start of Cyprus' Presidency of the European Union
July 1 - Presidential election in Mexico - won by Enrique Pena Nieto.
July 4 - Scientists at CERN announce that they have discovered a particle whose properties are consistent with those of the Higgs boson, after experiments were carried out at the Large Hadron Collider.
July 7 - Flooding affects parts of the Krasnodar Krai region in southern Russia, killing 72 people.
July 13 - FIFA is embroiled in its second corruption scandal in just over a year, as Sepp Blatter claims that there may have been irregularities when Germany won the right to host the 2006 FIFA World Cup.
July 18–21 – The 2012 World Rowing Championships are held at Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
July 20 - A gunman opens fire at a cinema in Aurora, Colorado. The shooting kills 12 people and 59 are reported injured.
July 24 - John Atta Mills, President of Ghana, dies while still in office. John Dramani Mahama takes over the running of the country until the election in December.
July 25 - Pranab Mukherjee becomes President of India, succeeding Pratibha Patil, whose five-year term expired.
July 27 – Opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics begins in London at 7:30 pm UTC, 8:30pm BST.
July 29 - In Romania, a referendum is held on whether President Traian Basescu should be removed from office. He remains in his position after a low voter turnout.
July 30/31 - Large parts of northern and eastern India are affected by wide-scale power failures, leaving over 600 million people without electricity.
August
early August - Typhoon Haikui causes flooding in the Philippines.
August 6 - Curiosity, the Mars Science Laboratory mission's rover, successfully lands on the planet Mars.
August 11 - Two earthquakes over magnitude 6, followed by several aftershocks, strike the area around Tabriz in northwestern Iran, killing over 300 people.
August 11 - US presidential candidate Mitt Romney chooses Wisconsin Congressman Paul Ryan as his running mate.
August 11 - The Jamaican men's 4 by 100 metre team wins the gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics, meaning that Usain Bolt successfully defends all three of the titles he won in Beijing in 2008.
August 12 – The closing ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London takes place. Host nation Great Britain finishes with the third-highest gold medal count, 29, winning 65 medals overall.
August 16 - Police open fire on striking miners at the Marikana mine in South Africa, killing 34.
August 22 - It is ruled that the attempt to unseat Romania's President Traian Basescu in a referendum was not legal.
August 24 - Cyclist Lance Armstrong announces that he will no longer fight against doping allegations, as the World Anti-Doping Agency strips him of his seven consecutive (in-a-row) Tour de France titles.
August 24 - A court in Oslo declares Anders Behring Breivik sane and rules that he should serve a 21-year prison sentence for the 2011 Norway attacks.
August 29 - Start of the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London.
August 31 - Researchers announce the successful implantation of an early prototype bionic eye with 24 electrodes.
August 31 - Armenia breaks off diplomatic ties with Hungary, after the extradition of Azerbaijani Ramil Safarov to his homeland, followed by his pardoning. He had been convicted of killing an Armenian soldier in Hungary in 2004.
September
September 7 - Two earthquakes in southern China kill at least 80 people.
September 7 - Canada breaks off diplomatic relations with Iran, over its stance on Syria, its nuclear programme and its human rights record.
September 9 – End of the 2012 Summer Paralympics.
September 11 - Both embassies in Cairo, Egypt and in Benghazi, Libya were attacked by Muslims who were believed to be protesting over a movie Innocence of Muslims, this attack killed U.S. Ambassador of Libya Christopher Stevens, Sean Smith, and 2 more people were killed and about two injured. It was later revealed that this may have been a coordinated terrorist attack.
September 27 - Flooding affects parts of southern Spain.
September 28 - A plane crashes shortly after take-off from Kathmandu, Nepal, and bursts into flames, killing all 19 people on board, who were heading to Mount Everest Base Camp.
September 30 - Europe wins the Ryder Cup golf tournament over the United States, coming back from far behind to win.
October
October 1 - A ferry accident in Hong Kong kills 38 people.
October 3 - A bomb attack believed to be linked to the Syrian conflict is carried out on the other side of the border with Turkey.
October 9 - Pakistani schoolgirl and education activist Malala Yousafzai is shot and wounded during an assassination attempt by the Taliban while returning home on a school bus.
October 12 - The European Union wins the Nobel Peace Prize.
October 14 - Austrian skydiver Felix Baumgartner becomes the first person to break the sound barrier (travel faster than the speed of sound) without mechanical help, during a record space dive out of the Red Bull helium-filled balloon from 24 miles (39 kilometres) over Roswell, New Mexico, United States.
October 15 - British Prime Minister David Cameron and Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond sign an agreement in Edinburgh, Scotland, on the terms and conditions of a referendum on Scottish independence, due to be held in 2014.
October 19 - A bomb attack in Beirut, Lebanon, kills 11 people, including the Lebanese army chief, in an attack believed to be linked to the conflict in neighbouring Syria.
October 24 - Ireland ceases analog television broadcasts.
October 24-30 - Hurricane Sandy kills over 200 people in Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, the Bahamas, Eastern United States and parts of Canada and, in terms of diameter, it is the biggest North Atlantic Hurricane ever measured. Considerable storm surge damage causes major disruption on the eastern seaboard of the United States.
October 26 - Silvio Berlusconi is found guilty of tax fraud.
October 30 - Hurricane Sandy dissolves.
November
November 3 - The New York City Marathon is cancelled for the first time in 42 years, due to Hurricane Sandy.
November 4 - Bishop Tawadros is elected the next Pope of the Coptic Church in Egypt, succeeding Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, who died in March.
November 6 – United States presidential election, 2012: After winning the electoral and popular vote, President Barack Obama wins re-election against Mitt Romney.
November 6 - A referendum is held in Puerto Rico on its future status. A majority support a change, with a majority of them voting for Puerto Rico becoming the 51st US State.
November 6 - In referendums, a majority of voters in the US States of Maine, Maryland and Washington support introducing same-sex marriage.
November 6 - In other referendums, the states of Washington and Colorado have majorities voting for the legalisation of marijuana for recreational use, while Oregon rejects the proposal.
November 10 - Four days after the United States presidential election, 2012, Barack Obama secures the state of Florida, completing the 332-206 electoral college win.
November 13 – Total solar eclipse (It was visible in northern Australia and the South Pacific).
November 14 - Israel launches Operation Pillar of Defense on Palestinians in the Gaza Strip, killing Hamas military chief Ahmed Jabari. Hostilities over the following week kill 133 Palestinians and 5 Israelis.
November 15 - The Communist Party of China unveils Xi Jinping as its next General Secretary, who is expected to lead the People's Republic of China until 2022.
November 21 - After a week of violence in Israel and the Gaza Strip, the United States and Egypt announce a ceasefire, ending the week-long war.
November 25 - A fire in a clothing factory in Dhaka, Bangladesh, kills over 100 people.
November 25 - Regional elections are held in Catalonia, dominated by the issue of possible future independence from Spain.
November 25 - Sebastian Vettel wins the Formula One World Championship for the third year in a row, becoming the youngest driver to win three Formula One championships.
November 25 to December 2 - Typhoon Bopha, known in the Philippines as "Pablo", kills at least 1,020 people, with 844 missing, causing considerable damage on the island of Mindanao.
November 28 – Penumbral lunar eclipse.
November 29 - At the UN General Assembly, a majority of member states votes to give Palestine non-member observer state status.
December
December 1 - Enrique Pena Nieto becomes President of Mexico.
December 3 – Jupiter in opposition.
December 8 - In Qatar, at the UN Climate Conference, it is agreed that the Kyoto Protocol is extended until 2020.
December 12 - North Korea announces that it has carried out a successful rocket launch.
December 14 - Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting: A shooting occurs at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, as 26 people, including 20 children, are shot dead by 20-year-old Adam Lanza, who then turns the gun on himself.
December 15 - Egypt holds a referendum on its constitution.
December 16 - Parliamentary election in Japan: The Liberal Democratic Party of Japan, under Shinzo Abe, wins the election.
December 17 – Members of the Electoral College meet in each U.S. state.
December 19 - Park Geunhye is elected President of South Korea over Moon Jae-in. She becomes the country's first female leader in February 2013.
December 21 – 11:11 UTC. Winter Solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, Summer Solstice in the Southern Hemisphere.
December 21 – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, notably used by the pre-Columbian Maya civilization among others, completes a "great cycle" of thirteen baktuns. Some people believed that the end of this cycle would be the end of the world.
December 21 - Barack Obama nominates John Kerry to become United States Secretary of State, a position in which he would succeed Hillary Clinton.
December 26 - Shinzo Abe becomes Prime Minister of Japan for the second time.
December 28 - At the age of 115 years, 253 days, Jiroemon Kimura of Japan becomes the oldest man ever, overtaking Christian Mortensen who had died in 1998. The oldest-ever person is Jeanne Calment, who lived for 122 years, 164 days.
December 31 - Politicians in the United States do last-minute talks in an attempt at avoiding the so-called "Fiscal Cliff", a series of tax rises that would come into force in the new year.
Deaths
Nobel Prizes
Physiology or Medicine: John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka
Physics: Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland
Chemistry: Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka
Literature: Mo Yan
Peace: European Union
Economics: Alvin E. Roth and Lloyd Shapley
References |
| 220 | 21371 | 81842 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rag%C4%B1p%20Zarakolu | Ragıp Zarakolu | Ragıp Zarakolu (born 1948) is a Turkish publisher who has long faced legal problems for publishing books on controversial things in Turkey, especially on minority and human rights in Turkey.
Biography
Ragıp Zarakolu was born in 1948 on the island of Büyükada close to Istanbul. His father, Remzi Zarakolu, was the district governor on that island. Ragıp Zarakolu grew up with members of the Greek and Armenian minority in Turkey and began writing for "Ant" and "Yeni Ufuklar" magazines in 1968.
In 1971, the Turkish government was overthrown. Ragıp Zarakolu was tried on charges of secret relations to Amnesty International. He spent five months in prison before being declared innocent. In 1972 Ragıp Zarakolu was sentenced to 2 years in prison for his paragraph in the journal Ant (Oath) on Ho Chi Minh and the Vietnam War. He stayed in Selimiye Prison (in Istanbul) and was set free in 1974 after a general amnesty. On his release Zarakolu refused to abandon his work for freedom of thought, because he wanted different thoughts and cultures to be available in Turkey.
The Belge Publishing House, established in Istanbul in 1977 by Zarakolu and his wife Ayşenur, has been a focus for Turkish censorship laws ever since. The couple was imprisoned and the books confiscated and destroyed.
In 1979 Ragıp Zarakolu was one of the founders of the daily newspaper Demokrat and took responsibility for the news desk on foreign affairs. The paper was banned and Ragıp Zarakolu was shortly imprisoned in 1982 because of his link to Demokrat. He was banned from leaving the country between 1971 and 1991. In 1986 he became one of 98 starters of the Human Rights Association in Turkey (HRA or in Turkish IHD). For some time Ragıp Zarakolu chaired the Writers in Prison Committee of International PEN in Turkey. Currently (beginning of 2007) he chairs the Committee for Freedom of Publication in the Union of Publishers.
Until the military coup of 12 September 1980, Belge Publishing House mostly published academic and theoretical books. Afterwords Belge started to publish books written by political prisoners. The series of 35 books consisted of poems, shorts stories, novels. The list of publications (see a list of selected publications below) include more than 10 books (translations) of Greek literature, 10 books on the Armenian Question and five books related to the Jews in Turkey. There are also a number of books dealing with the Kurds in Turkey.
He also published several books on the Armenian Genocide – such as George Jerjian's book History Will Free All of Us/Turkish-Armenian Conciliation and Professor Dora Sakayan's An Armenian Doctor in Turkey: Garabed Hatcherian: My Smyrna Ordeal of 1922 – which brought new criminal charges in 2005.
In 1995 the Belge Publishing House offices were firebombed, forcing it to be housed in a cellar. Since his wife's death in 2002, Zarakolu continues to face further prosecutions.
Notes
References
International PEN calls for an end to publisher Ragip Zarakolu's trials - IFEX
Page of PEN American Center about honorary member Ragip Zarakolu
similar page of the English Centre of PEN
Press release / OSCE
OSCE media freedom representative concerned over legal grounds for trials of publisher and writer in Turkey
1948 births
Living people
Turkish people
Turkish journalists |
| 221 | 809 | 3487 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holland | Holland | Holland is the name of a region in the western part of the Netherlands. Holland was a county of the Holy Roman Empire and later the leading province of the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581–1795).
Today, there is no country called "Holland". There are two provinces called "Holland" in the Netherlands: North Holland () and South Holland (). Those provinces were created in 1840. The earlier country and province of Holland used to be bigger, but some parts of that province were given to other provinces during the French occupation (1795-1813). For example, Willemstad became part of North Brabant, the islands of Vlieland and Terschelling were given to Friesland, and the island of Urk to Overijssel. But for a short time during that period (1806–1810), there was a country called "Holland", the Kingdom of Holland, which was in the central and northern Netherlands and East Friesland in Germany.
Many people use the name "Holland" to refer to all of the Netherlands, including the other ten provinces. That is not correct and is like calling the United Kingdom, "England" or "Great Britain". Some Dutch people who do not live in Holland do not like it when people call the entire country Holland. But they don't mind using "Holland" when you mean the Dutch national football team, which they are used to calling "Holland".
Regions of the Netherlands
Regions of South Holland
North Holland |
| 222 | 14274 | 53333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joiner | Joiner | For "joinery" in North American sense see: Woodworking joints
A joiner is a person who makes woodwork that is used for buildings. That includes things that are called "Finish carpentry" and "millwork" in the United States. Joiners make and install parts of building, for example doors, windows, stairs, wooden panelling, mouldings, shop cabinets, kitchen cabinets, and other wooden items. The skills of a joiner are somewhat between a carpenter and a cabinetmaker.
The terms joinery and joiner are not used often in the United States any more, but the main carpenters' trade union still calls itself the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America.
Woodworking
Construction occupations |
| 223 | 551 | 2866 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible | Bible | The Bible, also known as the Holy Bible, is a group of religious texts of Judaism and Christianity, it contains the both Old Testament and The New Testament. The word Bible comes from the Greek word τὰ (biblía) which means "books" in English, because it is many books in one book. It includes laws, stories, prayers, songs, and wise words. A number of texts are both in the Hebrew Bible, used by Jews, and this Christian one.
In considering the source and inspiration for the Bible one must see what the Bible says of itself. Several verses of scripture define the source, intent, and Author. 2 Peter 1:21 says this - "No prophecy was ever made by the act of human will, but men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God." Isaiah 55:11 tells us that His is a word of power - "So shall My sword be that goes forth from My mouth; It shall not return to Me void, But it shall accomplish what I please, And it shall prosper in the thing for which I sent it." Hebrews 4:12 says this - "For the word of God is alive and active. Sharper than any double-edged sword, it penetrates even to dividing soul and spirit, joints and marrow; it judges the thoughts and attitudes of the heart."
When talking about the Bible, a book is used to speak about a number of texts. All the texts that make a book are believed to belong together. Most of the time, people believe they were written or collected by the same person. The Bible contains different kinds of such books. Some are history, telling the stories of the Jews, Jesus, or Jesus' followers. Some are collections of wise sayings. Some are God's commands to his people, which he expects them to obey. Some are songs of praise to God. Some are books of prophecy, messages from God that he gave through chosen people called prophets.
Different groups of Christians do not agree which texts should be included in the Bible. Christian Bibles range from the 66 books of the Protestant canon to 81 books in the Ethiopian Orthodox Bible. The oldest surviving Christian Bible is the Codex Sinaiticus, a Greek manuscript from the fourth century AD. The oldest complete Hebrew manuscripts date from the Middle Ages.
How it was written
For a long time the texts were passed on by word of mouth from generation to generation. The Bible was written long ago in Aramaic, Hebrew, and Greek. Translations were made later into Latin and some other languages. Now there are translations in English and many other languages. The books of the Hebrew Bible—what Christians call the Old Testament—were not all written at the same time. It took hundreds of years (about 1200 years). The process of putting it all together began around 400 B.C. The books of the New Testament, which was originally written in Greek, began to be collected together in about 100 A.D. It tells about events that happened between 4 B.C. and 70 A.D. These events included the birth, life, death and resurrection of Jesus. It also tells how his followers went around spreading his message. It ends with a description of how the world will end when Jesus returns to earth. Most of the writers of the New Testament were apostles of Jesus. These were people who said they had seen Jesus alive after his crucifixion.
Translations and versions
A translation is when a scribe takes the source in one language and writes it in another language. Most texts of the Bible were written in Ancient Greek or in Aramaic or Hebrew.
The first to provide a translation into Latin was Jerome, in the 5th century. He started what is known as the Vulgate today. Wufila translated the Bible into the Gothic language. In the early Middle Ages, people such as Petrus Valdes, and Jan Hus provided translations.
The New Testament was first translated into English in 1382 by John Wycliffe, and his associates translated the Old Testament. The translation was made from the Vulgate Latin bible. Wycliffe did this so that people could see for themselves what the Bible said. The translation was completed in 1382. There were some later editions by other people to the Wycliffe bible, as it is called. It was translated into Middle English, the language of his day. Wycliffe did not have Church permission to do this, but he was protected by John of Gaunt, one of the most powerful men in the kingdom. After both Wycliffe and his protector were dead, the Church declared Wycliffe a heretic in 1415, and banned his writings. The Council of Constance decreed Wycliffe's works should be burned and his remains exhumed (dug up). Why was the Church so opposed? The translations challenged the Church's authority over the people. In church, explaining the Bible was the priest's work. Whatever he said could not be challenged. Once the ordinary people could read the Bible, they might have other opinions.
The next step in translation was done in 1525 by William Tyndale. His translation was into Early Modern English, which we can just about understand today. Tyndale also did it without Church permission. His was the first translation to be printed, and several thousand copies were made. He had no protector, and his fate was terrible. He fled to Europe, but the agents of Thomas More (Chancellor of England at the time) eventually found him. Both Tyndale and his printer were executed by burning at the stake.
Another well known translation is the 1611 King James translation (commonly known as the Authorized King James Version of the Bible).
Some texts were written by historians who tried to show what Ancient Israel was like. Other texts are poems about God and his work. And others were used to make laws. Followers of Judaism and Christianity consider the Bible sacred but they do not all agree about what belongs in the Bible. What is considered part of the Bible changed with history. Different denominations include certain parts or leave out other parts. There is not one single version of the Bible; both the content of the books and their order may change.
Languages do not match. When a translation is done, the translator has to decide between translation word for word, or capturing the sense of the text. When he decides to capture the sense, he will choose other words in the target language. This is called paraphrasing.
Today there are dozens of versions of the Bible. Some are translations and some are paraphrases. A paraphrased version is where people take a translation and put it in their own words. As the Bible has been translated into modern languages, it is also possible that there are different translations of the same texts. The Bible is the best selling book of all time. 2.5 billion to more than 6 billion copies of the Bible have been sold to date. A complete version of the Bible exists in 471 languages. Parts have been translated in 2225 languages. Most Bibles can be found in the British Museum in London.
Old Testament
The Christian Bible is a collection of 66 books. The first 39 books are the Old Testament. It is the first part of the God's story of salvation. "Salvation" is God's long work of saving us from our sins. "Sin" is what happened when people decided to live their own way instead of God's way in the world that God created. That was when God began His great work of saving us from our sins.
To prepare the way, God had to destroy the whole world by a great flood, except for the family of Noah. Then God raised up a new people for Himself. They were the ancient Hebrews. God promised the Hebrews they would bring His salvation to the whole world.
The first five books of the Old Testament are mostly the story of how God chose the ancient Hebrews and taught them his laws. Following these are the twelve books that tell the history of the Hebrews. The next five are books of poetry and wisdom. One of these five books, the "Psalms", is a book of songs showing mainly how God wants to be worshiped.
The last seventeen books of the Old Testament were written by Hebrew prophets. These books tell about God's disappointment with the ancient Hebrews and His promise to bring them back to friendship with Him. The prophets also foretell a great surprise God was planning for the world-He was going to send His very own Son, the Messiah (the "Anointed One"), the Saviour, to save us from our sins.
You can read about this Messiah in the New Testament.
In the Old Testament, Tanakh was mostly written in Hebrew; a few parts were written in Aramaic. This part of the Bible is considered to be holy by Jews as well as Christians.
There are also a few books of the Old Testament's time called Deuterocanonical by those Churches that accept them as part of the Bible, and Apocrypha by those that do not.
New Testament
The second part is called the New Testament. The main part of this book is the story of the life of Jesus Christ. The four different versions of this story in the New Testament are called the Gospels. After the Gospels, there is also the story of what happened to the Church after Jesus's death and resurrection. Part of this is told through letters by early Christian leaders, especially Saint Paul. The final book of the Bible tells about a vision that St. John, one of the disciples of Jesus, had. In the vision John saw what would happen at the end of the world. This included judgement for evil and happiness for the people who had followed Jesus. One of the most quoted verses in the Bible is John 3:16: "For God so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish [die] but have eternal life." NIV
Views about the Bible
People have different ideas about the Bible. Christians believe it is God's Word to people. The Jews believe that only the Old Testament is from God. Protestants and Catholics believe that the Old and New Testaments are God's Word. Catholics also believe that the books called Apocrypha or Deuterocanonical are part of the Bible. Sometimes different denominations disagree over exactly what the Bible means.
According to Islam, the Injil itself is to be followed but it is believed to have been corrupted with time. The Qur'an is believed to be the successor.
Atheists do not believe that gods exist, so the Bible is only an ancient book.
Deists believe in God, but they believe that the Bible was written by people, so they don't see it as important.
Some people in the Bible
Abraham
King David
Isaac
Jacob
James (son of Zebedee)
Jesus Christ
John the Apostle
Joseph
Luke the Evangelist
Mark the Evangelist
The Virgin Mary
Matthew the Evangelist
Moses
Joshua
Noah
Saint Peter
Saint Paul
Timothy
Adam
Eve
References
Entre Galilée et l'Église : la Bible., Une mise au point. Étude. Joël COL. , AutoEdition Méguila, 2003.
Other websites
The Bible Gateway: the complete Bible online
The Bible in Simple English |
| 224 | 24334 | 93792 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20%28disambiguation%29 | David (disambiguation) | David (name) is a common given name and surname.
David, King of Israel (c. 1011 – 971 BC) is a major character in the Bible and the Koran.
David may also mean:
People:
Saint David, the patron saint of Wales
David of Sasun, an Armenian epic hero
David I of Scotland, the former King of Scotland
David II of Scotland, the former King of Scotland
David (actor) (1908 - 1981), an Indian actor
David Tennant (born 1971), a Scottish actor
David Wilkerson (1931-2011), an American pastor, evangelist and author
Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825), a French painter
Karel David (born 1964), a Czech long-distance runner
Art:
David (Bernini), a sculpture by Gian Lorenzo Bernini
David (Donatello), a sculpture by Donatello
David (Michelangelo), a sculpture by Michelangelo
David (Verrocchio), a sculpture by Andrea del Verrochio
Films:
King David (film), a 1985 period drama about the Biblical figure starring Richard Gere |
| 225 | 14595 | 55039 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust%20%28disambiguation%29 | Thrust (disambiguation) | Thrust is a reaction force described by Newton's Second and Third Law. For this meaning, see Thrust.
This word has other uses:
For the land-speed record breaking car, see ThrustSSC and Thrust2
For the computer game, see Thrust (computer game)
For the rapper, see Thrust (rapper)
For the Transformers characters, see Thrust (Transformers)
For the Herbie Hancock fusion album, Thrust (album)
For the semi-professional magazine which later changed its name to Quantum, see Thrust (magazine)
Thrust fault in geology |
| 226 | 22318 | 84516 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavement%20%28band%29 | Pavement (band) | Pavement was an indie rock band from California, United States. They made music from 1989 until 1999. They were on the music label Matador Records.
American rock bands
Indie rock bands
Musical groups from California |
| 227 | 7212 | 22923 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachnid | Arachnid | The Arachnids are a class of eight-legged arthropods. They are a highly successful group of mainly terrestrial invertebrates: spiders, scorpions, harvestmen, ticks, and mites, and a number of smaller groups.
In 2019, a molecular phylogeny study put horseshoe crabs in the Arachnida.
Definition
Arachnids are defined as coming from the class of Arachnida. The requirements for this class is to have two body regions; a cephalothorax and an abdomen; 4 pairs of legs; and 2 pairs of mouthpart appendages, the chelicerae and the pedipalps.
Anatomy
All adult arachnids have four pairs of legs, and arachnids may be easily distinguished from insects by this fact, since insects have three pairs of legs. However, arachnids also have two further pairs of appendages that have become adapted for feeding, defense, and sensory perception. The first pair, the chelicerae, serve in feeding and defense. The next pair of appendages, the pedipalps have been adapted for feeding, locomotion, and/or reproductive functions.
Like all arthropods, arachnids have an exoskeleton. They also have an internal structure of cartilage-like tissue, to which certain muscle groups are attached.
Arachnids have no antennae or wings. Their body is organized into two parts: the cephalothorax, and the abdomen.
Physiology
There are some adaptations for life on land. They have internal respiratory surfaces. These may be trachea (tubes), or a modification of gills into a 'book lung'. This is an internal series of lamellae used for gas exchange with the air.
Diet and Digestive System
Arachnids are mostly carnivorous, feeding on the pre-digested bodies of insects and other small animals. Only the harvestmen and some mites eat solid food particles. Predigestion avoids exposure to internal parasites. Several groups secrete venom from specialized glands to kill prey or enemies. Several mites are external parasites, and some of them are carriers of disease (vectors).
Arachnids pour digestive juices produced in their stomachs over their prey after killing it with their pedipalps and chelicerae. The digestive juices rapidly turn the prey into a broth of nutrients which the arachnid sucks into a pre-buccal cavity located immediately in front of the mouth. Behind the mouth is a muscular, pharynx, which acts as a pump, sucking the food through the mouth and on into the oesophagus and stomach. In some arachnids, the oesophagus also acts as an additional pump.
Myth
The word Arachnida comes from the Greek for 'spider'. In legend, a girl called Arachne was turned into a spider by the goddess Athena. Arachne said she'd win a weaving contest against the goddess. Athena won, but Arachne became angry, and started to weave an insult to the gods. Then Athena turned her into a spider for her disrespect.
Orders
The subdivisions of the arachnids are usually treated as orders. Historically, mites and ticks were treated as a single order, Acari. However, molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the two groups do not form a single clade; morphological similarities are probably due to convergence. They are now usually treated as two separate taxa – Acariformes, mites, and Parasitiformes, ticks – which may be ranked as orders or superorders. The arachnid subdivisions are listed below alphabetically; numbers of species are approximate.
Acariformes – mites (32,000 species)
Amblypygi – "blunt rump" tail-less whip scorpions with front legs modified into whip-like sensory structures as long as 25 cm or more (153 species)
Araneae – spiders (40,000 species)
†Haptopoda – extinct arachnids apparently part of the Tetrapulmonata, the group including spiders and whip scorpions (1 species)
Opilioacariformes – harvestman-like mites (10 genera)
Opiliones – phalangids, harvestmen or daddy-long-legs (6,300 species)
Palpigradi – microwhip scorpions (80 species)
Parasitiformes – ticks (12,000 species)
†Phalangiotarbi – extinct arachnids of uncertain affinity (30 species)
Pseudoscorpionida – pseudoscorpions (3,000 species)
Ricinulei – ricinuleids, hooded tickspiders (60 species)
Schizomida – "split middle" whip scorpions with divided exoskeletons (220 species)
Scorpiones – scorpions (2,000 species)
Solifugae – solpugids, windscorpions, sun spiders or camel spiders (900 species)
Thelyphonida (also called Uropygi) – whip scorpions or vinegaroons, forelegs modified into sensory appendages and a long tail on abdomen tip (100 species)
†Trigonotarbida – extinct (late Silurian to early Permian)
†Uraraneida – extinct spider-like arachnids, but with a "tail" and no spinnerets (2 species)
Xiphosura – horseshoe crabs (4 living species)
It is estimated that 98,000 arachnid species have been described, and that there may be up to 600,000 in total.
Images
References
Arthropods
Parasites
Spiders |
| 228 | 4047 | 12418 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britcom | Britcom | "Britcom" is short for "British sitcom". It is a situation comedy show produced in the United Kingdom. This is what they are called especially in the United States and Australia, where they have cult followings. Some of them like Till Death Do Us Part and Steptoe and Son were remade as American comedy TV shows (All in the Family and Sanford and Son).
Some famous Britcoms
Dad's Army
Dinnerladies
* Fawlty Towers
* The Good Life
* Last of the Summer Wine
* Mr. Bean
* Only Fools and Horses |
| 229 | 13385 | 49104 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear%20%28disambiguation%29 | Gear (disambiguation) | A gear is a toothed wheel designed to transmit force (torque) to another gear or toothed component.
Gear can also mean:
One of a series of pre-set rotation mechanisms for a manual transmission.
Gear (graphic novel), written by Doug Tennapel and later made into a TV show called Catscratch
Gear (comics), a DC comics superhero
Gear (Static Shock), a DCAU superhero
"Gear", a slang term for equipment or apparel, particularly used for motorcycle safety clothing and cargo
Gear (magazine), an international men's magazine
Gears, types of mecha in the Xenogears and Metal Gear video games, as well as the Heavy Gear universe
"Gear", a slang term for marijuana, used when making reference to the drug in a green or solid form
Gears are a type of biomechanical or mystical creature in the video games series Guilty Gear
Gears (Transformers), a character in Transformers
Gears of War, an Xbox 360 game
GEAR may refer to:
Geographic and Energy Aware Routing, a routing protocol for wireless sensor networks |
| 230 | 11545 | 42042 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Tallis | Thomas Tallis | Thomas Tallis (born c.1505; died Greenwich November 23 1585) was the most important English composer of his generation.
We know very little about Tallis’s youth. He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey. After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time. He was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. He had a job in the royal household until his death. He worked for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.
Tallis was an organist and composer. He had to write music for the royal chapels. He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of £91 12s a year (12s is 60p in modern money). That was a very good salary in those days. In 1575, Queen Elizabeth I gave Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time). Tallis owned a house in Greenwich where he died in 1585.
In the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic. Voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time. Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler. In a lot of his music the choir sing homophonic music instead of using the older polyphony. For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again. This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon “Gaude gloriosa Dei mater” and a mass musical setting|mass “Puer natus est nobis”. These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works. After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe. He wrote some very fine anthems. Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.
One of his works is called Spem in Alium. The choir divide into forty parts i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and each person sings a different line. It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I’s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.
His Diliges Dominum is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called “Tallis’s canon”.
English composers
Renaissance composers
English organists
1505 births
1585 deaths
Gentlemen of the Chapel Royal |
| 231 | 7582 | 24509 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1147 | 1147 |
Events
Siege of Lisbon: King Afonso I of Portugal and the Crusaders capture Lisbon from Muslims
First written mention of Moscow.
Abd al-Mumin destroys the Almoravid Empire
Dore Abbey founded
Wendish Crusade
1147 |
| 232 | 12500 | 46067 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus | Prometheus | Prometheus, is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus and Clymene. He created humans, originally made out of gold. He also stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans. As punishment, Zeus had Prometheus chained to a mountain. Every day an eagle (symbol of Zeus) would come and eat his liver. Prometheus is immortal, so he never died, and his liver grew back every night. But he still felt great pain.
After a long time, Zeus sent his son Heracles to free Prometheus by breaking the chains which held him.
Aeschylus wrote a play about Prometheus.
Gallery
Other websites
Theoi Text, Theogony
Theoi Text, Works and Days
Theoi Text, Prometheus Bound
Theoi Mythology, Prometheus
Theoi Mythology, Pronoea
GML, Prometheus
Encyclopedia Mythica, Prometheus
Messagenet, Prometheus
Prometheus, a poem by Noevel (French)
Prometheus, a poem by Byron
Titans |
| 233 | 20118 | 77051 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damson | Damson | A damson is a kind of plum. Like the plum, it comes from the Rosaceae family. Originally, the fruit comes from the Mediterranean. Damsons are thought to be members of the 'European Plum' family, which also includes greengage, mirabelle, quetsche, and Italian prune plums. The damson is generally less sweet than other kinds of plum and is used in jams, jellies, and liqueurs.
Plums |
| 234 | 5119 | 16330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wausau%2C%20Wisconsin | Wausau, Wisconsin | Wausau is a city in Marathon County in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is the largest city in the county, and it is the county seat (where the government of the county works). According to the 2000 census (official count), 38,426 people lived in the city.
The Wisconsin River flows through the middle of the city.
Other websites
City of Wausau
County seats in Wisconsin
Marathon County, Wisconsin
Cities in Wisconsin |
| 235 | 19411 | 73969 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/WikiHow | WikiHow | wikiHow is a wiki-based website with a collection of articles which tell people how to do things. The site uses version 1.12.0 of MediaWiki. As of August 2017, wikiHow contains more than 190,000 free how-to articles and over 1.6 million registered users. wikiHow's mission is to create the world's largest collection of how-to information. In May 2011, wikiHow had 36 million unique readers.
History
In January 2005, Jack Herrick and Josh Hannah started wikiHow. On April 28, 2006, wikiHow was launched on its own www.wikihow.com domain.
Censorship
wikiHow's censorship policy usually does not allow articles about things that:
Are "sexually charged"
Are inaccurate
Contain potty humor
Are joke pages, or pages that rely on backwards logic
Are spam pages, or pages advertising a product or service
Violate copyright
Are not a step-by-step how-to guide
Are illegal
Contain drug use; especially information about illegal drugs
Or are potentially destructive or dangerous.
Some people complain that this does not support the idea behind an educational resource.
References
Other websites
wikiHow.com
wikiHow to Open Content
"How to do absolutely everything" , Macleans, October 16, 2006
Wikis
MediaWiki websites |
| 236 | 19788 | 75678 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal%20Convention%20%28Germany%29 | Federal Convention (Germany) | The Bundesversammlung, or Federal Convention, is a special federal body in Germany.
It is made up of all of the members of the Bundestag, plus an equal number of delegates elected by the parliaments of the Länder. Those delegates don't have to be memebers of the Länder parliaments; sometimes celebrities are chosen.
The convention usually has for about 1200 members. The only task of the Bundesversammlung is to elect the Federal President.
Meeting
The Bundesversammlung is called to meet by the President of the Bundestag, and the President of the Bundestag acts as Chairman of the Bundesversammlung.
The Bundesversammlung meets at least thirty days before the end of the Federal President's term of office ends, in order to elect the next president. If the Federal President dies or is impeached, the Bundesversammlung meets within 30 days.
Electing the President
The Bundesversammlung does not hold debates or question any of the candidates for president.
It chooses the next Federal President by an absolute majority vote. If no-one has an absolute majority on the first and second ballot, then they hold a third ballot, and the winner is the person who has the highest number of votes.
German Bundestag
Government of Germany
President of Germany |
| 237 | 8032 | 26731 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft%20FrontPage | Microsoft FrontPage | Microsoft FrontPage (Full name: Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites. It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.
Microsoft FrontPage was commercially available in four versions:
FrontPage 98, FrontPage 2000, FrontPage 2002 & FrontPage 2003.
A freeware version was also included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer. It was called FrontPage Express. It was a useful web editor without costing as much as professional software. FrontPage express is compatible with Windows XP and some other versions of Windows. FrontPage Express downloads are still available online from third-party hosts, such as stormthecastle.com.
FrontPage is a WYSIWYG, "What You See Is What You Get", Web Editor. All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.
The 2003 version is the last installment to the series. It was discontinued in 2006, being replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer.
The first version of the app was made by Vermeer Technologies in 2005, before its acquisition by Microsoft.
References
Microsoft software |
| 238 | 4781 | 15117 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crazy%20Frog | Crazy Frog | The Crazy Frog is a 3D animated creature, featured on music albums.
History
Before becoming a ringtone to download onto mobile phones, The Crazy Frog started as a TruboForce 3D animated creature. It was called “The Annoying Thing” in 2003 by its creator, Erik Wernquist of Sweden. With big eyes and a bigger mouth, the high resolution anthropomorphic “thing” is dappled grey-blue and nude save for a helmet, goggles and biker vest. All original videos and images also show small male humanoid genital in a relaxed state that move realistically. Some sources pixel out or remove the genitals.
Music remixes
Members of Bass Bumpers had a dance remix of Harold Faltermeyer’s “Axel F” in early-2005, the Beverly Hills Cop theme, adding Daniel Malmedahl’s impression of a moped engine (Ring-a-ding-dong) and a Max Headroom, “What’s going on?” (among other dubbed words). In the music video for that remix the “Thing” says featured bites from Daniel’s bit (Ding, ding.) and zooms around on a mimed bike to escape a robot minion on a hover bike.
The internet and media dubbed it both a Frog and crazy. Erik went along with it.
First, it was simply a vocal imitation of a two stroke, internal combustion engine. Daniel Malmedahl of Sweden created a recording of his imitation in 1997 that eventually spread through peer to peer file sharing on the Internet.
Sales and revenue
The company that sells Crazy Frog ringtones (Jamba!) has made £14 million from it.
Animated characters |
| 239 | 12378 | 45676 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%20pear | Ya pear | The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These pears are very crunchy, juicy, and fragrant. They have a skin that is pale white to light yellow, and the inside is white.
Ya pears are sold everywhere in China, and can also be found in shops outside China. Outside China, they are often called Asian pears or Chinese pears.
Rosaceae
Pears |
| 240 | 24327 | 93739 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandi%20Carlile | Brandi Carlile | Brandi Carlile (born June 1, 1981) is an American singer and songwriter. Carlile's music has been categorized in several genres, including pop, rock, country, indie and folk.
References
Other websites
Brandi Carlile's official web page
Brandi Carlile's MySpace page
1981 births
Living people
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Washington |
| 241 | 3501 | 10512 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%20Hanks | Tom Hanks | Tom Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and writer.
Career
Many of Hanks' early movies were comedies. He was made famous by his roles in Splash and Big. He made his way into drama with A League of Their Own and Philadelphia. He combined the two genres with Forrest Gump. Hanks has starred in many more famous movies since, including Apollo 13, Saving Private Ryan, Toy Story (only his voice was used), Cast Away, The Terminal, The Da Vinci Code, The Green Mile, Captain Phillips, Sully, Bridge of Spies and The Post.
Hanks played Fred Rogers in Marielle Heller's biographical movie A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019), a role which earned him a Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations.
Hanks has won several awards for acting. He won both a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Philadelphia. He also won a Golden Globe, an Academy Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award, and a People's Choice Award for Best Actor for his role in Forrest Gump.
In 2014, he received a Kennedy Center Honor and, in 2016, he received a Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Barack Obama, as well as the French Legion of Honor.
Personal life
For his role in Saving Private Ryan, Hanks was honored as an honorary member of the United States Army Rangers Hall of Fame.
In December 2019, he was naturalized as an honorary Greek citizen by the President of Greece.
On March 12, 2020, Hanks announced that he and his wife Rita had tested positive for COVID-19 while shooting Elvis in Australia.
Filmography
Film
Television
Music video appearances
Stage
References
1956 births
Living people
Actors from Contra Costa County, California
American Christians
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
American voice actors
Best Actor Academy Award winners
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
People from Concord, California
People's Choice Award winners
Saturn Award winners
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Writers from California |
| 242 | 18827 | 70742 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biescas | Biescas | Biescas is a town in the province of Huesca, Aragon, Spain. It is on the river Gallego at and altitude of 875 m in the zone known as Tierra de Biescas. The population is 1240.
It is divided in two main neighbourhoods "San Pedro" and "El Salvador", the last one divided other two neighbourhoods called "Barrio Bajo" and "La Peña" (or "Barrio Alto").
There are two churches in the town, the first one, San Pedro's Church is in the neighbourhood of San Pedro and the second one San Salvador's Church in La Peña.
Municipality of Biescas is divided in four parts
Tierra de Biescas, which includes the towns of Orós Alto, Orós Bajo, Oliván, Escuer Alto, Escuer Bajo and Biescas.
Sobremonte, which includes Aso de Sobremonte, Betés de Sobremonte and Yosa de Sobremonte.
Valley of Tena, where are the towns of Piedrafita de Jaca, Búbal, Polituara and Saqués.
Valley of Gavín, where Gavín is the only one town.
Additionally Ainielle, Barbenuta, Bergusa, Casbas, Espierre, Susín and Javierre del Obispo are included in Biescas municipality
References
Settlements in Huesca
Municipalities in Aragon |
| 243 | 18572 | 69690 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated%20teller%20machine | Automated teller machine | The full form of ATM is Automated Teller Machine for short, is a machine that lets people take out (withdraw) cash from their bank accounts. In the UK ATMs are often called cash machines, cashpoints or the hole in the wall.
Some ATMs allow people to do more than take money out. They may allow people to put in money, or check how much money is in a bank account.
ATMs may be found in stores and shopping malls. Sometimes, they can be found in bars or restaurants. Other times, at special events, people may set one up so the guests can use the machine, like at a fundraiser.
People need a debit card or credit card in order to use an ATM. They will also need to have a Personal Identification Number (PIN), which is a code that lets them get into their account.
There are a number of scams with ATMs. In one scam, con artists look over the victim's shoulder and find their PIN; this is known as shoulder surfing. In another, they may install a video camera and get PIN numbers from that way. They then make cards using the PIN number and account number to be able to use that person's account.
Money
Technology |
| 244 | 6851 | 21600 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lozi | Lozi | Lozi could mean:
The Lozi language
The Lozi people
Lozi (Homeland) (Bantustan) in South West Africa |
| 245 | 15156 | 57246 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecozone | Ecozone | An ecozone or biogeographic realm is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earth's surface.
These divisions are based on the historic and evolutionary distribution of plants and animals. Ecozones represent large areas of the Earth surface where plants and animals developed in relative isolation over long periods of time, and are separated from one another by geologic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that formed barriers to plant and animal migration. Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of mammal zoology.
Ecozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the plants and animals they contain. As such, they are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the earth's surface based on life form, or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, regardless of the evolutionary lineage of the specific plants and animals. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type, but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.
The patterns of plant and animal distribution in the world's ecozones was shaped by the process of plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's land masses over geological history.
The term ecozone, as used here, is a fairly recent development, and other terms, including kingdom, realm, and region, are used by other authorities with the same meaning. J. Schultz uses the term "ecozone" to refer his classification system of biomes.
Biogeographical realms
In 1975 Miklos Udvardy proposed a system of 203 biogeographical provinces, which were grouped into eight biogeographical realms (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, and Palaearctic). Udvardy's goal was to create an integrated ecological land classification system that could be used for conservation purposes.
WWF Ecozones
The WWF ecozones are based largely on the biogeographic realms of Pielou (1979) and Udvardy (1975). A team of biologists convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones) as part of their delineation of the world's over 800 terrestrial ecoregions.
Nearctic 22.9 mil. km² (including most of North America)
Palearctic 54.1 mil. km² (including the bulk of Eurasia and North Africa)
Afrotropic 22.1 mil. km² (including Sub-Saharan Africa)
Indomalaya 7.5 mil. km² (including the South Asian subcontinent and Southeast Asia)
Australasia 7.7 mil. km² (including Australia, New Guinea, and neighbouring islands). The northern boundary of this zone is known as the Wallace line.
Neotropic 19.0 mil. km² (including South America and the Caribbean)
Oceania 1.0 mil. km² (including Polynesia, Fiji and Micronesia)
Antarctic 0.3 mil. km² (including Antarctica).
The WWF scheme is broadly similar to Udvardy's system, the chief difference being the delineation of the Australasian ecozone relative to the Antarctic, Oceanic, and Indomalayan ecozones. In the WWF system, The Australasia ecozone includes Australia, Tasmania, the islands of Wallacea, New Guinea, the East Melanesian islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Udvardy's Australian realm includes only Australia and Tasmania; he places Wallacea in the Indomalayan Realm, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and East Melanesia in the Oceanian Realm, and New Zealand in the Antarctic Realm.
References
Cox, C. Barry & Peter D. Moore 1985. Biogeography: an ecological and evolutionary approach. 4th ed, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
Dinerstein, Eric; David Olson; Douglas J. Graham; et al. 1995. A conservation assessment of the terrestrial ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean. World Bank, Washington DC.
Ricketts, Taylor H. et al. 1999. Terrestrial ecoregions of North America: a conservation assessment. Island Press, Washington DC.
Schultz J. 2005. The Ecozones of the World. 2nd ed, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York.
Udvardy M.D.F. 1975. A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. IUCN Occasional Paper #18. Morges, Switzerland: IUCN.
Wikramanayake, Eric; et al. 2002. Terrestrial ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a conservation assessment. Island Press; Washington DC. |
| 246 | 19409 | 73959 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengu | Tengu | Tengu are a group of creatures from Japanese folklore. They are recognized for either a bird-like appearance or occasionally a human with a large nose or beak.
Japanese folklore |
| 247 | 8735 | 29630 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemma%20%28mathematics%29 | Lemma (mathematics) | In mathematics, a lemma is a "mini-proof"; a small hypothesis which is proved and then provides a part of a more important theorem.
Popular Lemmas
A good small thing can lead to many big things. Some powerful results in mathematics are known as lemmas, such as Bézout's lemma, Dehn's lemma, Euclid's lemma, Farkas' lemma, Fatou's lemma, Gauss's lemma, Greendlinger's lemma, Itō's lemma, Jordan's lemma, Nakayama's lemma, Poincaré's lemma, Riesz's lemma, Schur's lemma, Schwarz's lemma, Urysohn's lemma, Yoneda's lemma and Zorn's lemma. While these results originally seemed too simple to get independent interest, they have turned out to be important to the theories in which they occur.
Mathematics |
| 248 | 9910 | 33897 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castrop-Rauxel | Castrop-Rauxel | Castrop-Rauxel is a town in the Ruhr area in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. It has about 78,000 inhabitants.
References
Other websites
Recklinghausen Rural District |
| 249 | 9779 | 33334 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimpanzee | Chimpanzee | The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), or robust chimpanzee, is a species of great ape. The common chimpanzee is often called the chimpanzee (or "chimp"), though this can be used to refer to both species in the genus Pan: the common chimpanzee and the closely related bonobo. Evidence from fossils and DNA sequencing show both species of chimpanzees are the closest living relatives to modern humans.
The common chimpanzee is more robust than the bonobo, weighing between and measuring approximately from head to tail. Its gestation period is eight months. The infant is weaned at about three years old, but usually maintains a close relationship with its mother for several more years; it reaches puberty at the age of eight to 10, and its lifespan in captivity is about 50 years.
The common chimpanzee lives in groups which range from 15 to 150 members, although individuals travel and forage in much smaller groups during the day. The species lives in a male-dominated, strict hierarchy, so disputes can generally be settled without the need for violence. Nearly all chimpanzee populations have been recorded using tools, modifying sticks, rocks, grass, and leaves and use them for acquiring honey, termites, ants, nuts, and water. The species has also been found creating sharpened sticks to spear Senegal bushbabies out of small holes in trees.
The common chimpanzee is listed on the IUCN Red List as an endangered species. Between 170,000 and 300,000 individuals are estimated across its range in the forests and savannahs of West and Central Africa. The biggest threats to the common chimpanzee are habitat destruction, poaching and disease.
Chimps eating habits
Jane Goodall discovered that chimps hunt and eat smaller primates such as Colobus monkeys. Goodall watched a hunting group isolate a colobus high in a tree, block all possible exits, then one chimpanzee climbed up and captured and killed the colobus. The others then each took parts of the carcass, sharing with other members of the troop in response to begging behaviours. The chimps at Gombe kill and eat as much as one-third of the colobus population in the park each year. This alone was a major scientific find which challenged previous conceptions of chimp diet and behavior.
"Goodall’s Gombe data have also led researchers to take a closer look at the role that hunting plays in chimp feeding habits. One recent Gombe study, for instance, concluded that the 45 members of one troop ate a ton of monkey meat per year. During one hunting binge, chimps killed 71 colobus monkeys in 68 days; one chimp alone killed 42 monkeys over five years. All told, chimps may kill and eat a third of the Gombe’s colobus population each year. Researchers have also found that lower-ranking males often trade the meat for mating privileges; such trades may help prevent inbreeding by keeping a single group of males from fathering the majority of a troop’s children".
Aggression within the troop
Also startling, and disturbing, was the tendency for aggression and violence within chimpanzee troops. Goodall observed dominant females deliberately killing the young of other females in the troop in order to maintain their dominance, sometimes going as far as cannibalism.
She says of this revelation, "During the first ten years of the study I had believed […] that the Gombe chimpanzees were, for the most part, rather nicer than human beings. […] Then suddenly we found that chimpanzees could be brutal—that they, like us, had a darker side to their nature". These findings revolutionized our knowledge of chimpanzee behaviour. They were further evidence of the social similarities between humans and chimpanzees, albeit in a much darker manner.
Aggression between groups
If they can, male chimpanzees try to kill the male members of neighbouring groups. Males work together when they spot a chance to make a lightning raid on an isolated male from the other group. They kill him. In Gombe, Tanzania, a group in the 1970s was seen to kill seven of their neighbours one by one, until all were gone. It can take years for this to happen but, when it does, the remaining females and the neighbouring territory are added to the now larger group. Attacks like this are carefully planned, done only when success is likely, and carried out in silence. Their behaviour is quite different from any other behaviour known in chimpanzees:
"About every two weeks, males are drawn by some unknown signal to walk very quietly, single file, into a neighbouring territory to attack a vulnerable male... the overwhelming targets are other males".249
The advantage for the males that triumph is to breed more children. Their tribe also holds a larger territory, and so has access to more food. Several authors have drawn a connection between this behaviour and the origins of human warfare.
Account of aggression
"Most Brutal Chimpanzee Society Ever Discovered | Rise of the Warrior Apes" Research workers recount their findings on YouTube.
References
Hominins |
| 250 | 18111 | 68094 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya | Matsya | Hindus believe that the Matsya was the first important avatar of Vishnu. As the Matsya avatar, Vishnu took the form of a big fish. Sometimes, it is said that he took the form of a half-man and half-fish. There is a story about this in Hindu scriptures. The story tells about a demon (an asura). That asura was very wicked. He snatched the Vedas, the holy books of the Hindus, and went deep inside the sea. At this point, Vishnu changed his form. He became a matsya, that is, a fish. He entered the sea and brought back the Vedas. He gave the Vedas to Manu. The Hindu scriptures say that Manu was the first man in the world. He may be compared with Noah or Adam.
Hinduism
Hindu mythology |
| 251 | 1195 | 4460 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgil | Virgil | Publius Vergilius Maro (; traditional dates 15 October 70 BC21 September 19 BC), usually called Virgil or Vergil ( ) in English, was a poet in the Latin language. His poems are about gods and their mythology. Virgil's most famous epic poem is called the Aeneid.
Life
Tradition is that Virgil was born in the village of Andes, near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul. Scholars looking at the way he used words think that he may have Etruscan, Umbrian or even a Celtic background. Study of his name has led to beliefs that his family may have been earlier Roman settlers. These modern beliefs are not supported by evidence from his own writings or from writers of his biographies. Some scholars have noted that his nickname, MARO, is an anagram of the two main themes in the Aeneid: AMOR (love) and ROMA (Rome).
References
70 BC births
19 BC deaths
Ancient Roman writers |
| 252 | 74 | 142 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church%20%28building%29 | Church (building) | A church is a building that was constructed to allow people to meet to worship together. These people are usually Christians, or influenced by Christianity. Some other non-Christian religious groups also call their religious buildings churches, most notably Scientology.
The following description is about Roman Catholic churches, although some parts are the same in Episcopalian and Lutheran churches. Depending on the number of people that are in a community, the churches come in different sizes. Small churches are called chapels. The churches in a particular geographical area form a group called the diocese. Each diocese has a cathedral. In most cases, the cathedral is a very big church. Cathedrals are the seat of bishops.
History of church buildings
In the early days of Christianity people had to worship in secret. Christian worship was not allowed in the Roman empire, so Christians had to meet in a secret place. Sometimes they met in people’s houses or barns, sometimes they met underground. The first places that were built for Christian worship were small chapels that were cut into a rock where people could worship without being discovered.
After the death of the Roman emperor Constantine in 337 A.D. Christians were allowed to have buildings to worship in. These first churches were built on a similar plan to Roman basilicas. This plan was later used for the fine Gothic cathedrals and churches that were built at the end of the Middle Ages.
The parts of a church
There are several parts in the architecture of a church. Not all churches will have all these parts:
The nave is the main part of the church where the congregation (the people who come to worship) sit.
The aisles are the sides of the church which may run along the side of the nave.
The transept, if there is one, is an area which crosses the nave near the top of the church. This makes the church shaped like a cross, which is a symbol of Jesus's death on a cross.
The chancel leads up to the altar at the top of the church. The altar is in the sanctuary. The word “sanctuary” means “sacred place”. People were not allowed to be arrested in the sanctuary, so they were safe. The altar is usually at the east end of the church. People in the church sit facing the altar. We say that the church “faces east”.
Churches will also have a tower or steeple, usually at the west end. If the church has a transept the tower may be above the centre of the transept.
In Roman Catholic churches there is always a stoup (bowl) of holy water near the entrance of the church. This tradition comes from the fact that Roman basilicas had a fountain for washing in front of the entrance. The font is a bowl where people (often babies) are baptized. This is also near the entrance of the church. This is a symbol of the fact that it is welcoming the people into the Christian church.
Traditionally the nave has long benches for the congregation to sit on. These are called pews. Some churches may now have replaced their pews with chairs so that they can be moved about for different occasions. At the front of the nave is the pulpit where the priest preaches (these talks are called “sermons”). There is also a lectern (like a large music stand) from where the lessons (the Bible readings) are read.
If there are aisles along the side of the nave there will be pillars which hold up the roof. In large churches or cathedrals there may be a row of little arches along the top of these pillars. This is called the triforium. Over the triforium is the clerestory which is a row of windows high up in the church wall.
The chancel is the most holy part of the church, and this is why it is often separated from the nave by a screen which can be made of wood or stone, or occasionally iron. The congregation can see through the screen. On the top of the screen there may be a cross. This is called a rood (pronounce like “rude”) screen. Priests used to climb up a staircase to the top of the rood screen to read the epistle and the gospel. Sometimes people sang from there.
Inside the chancel are the benches where the choir sit. These are called choir stalls. They are on both sides. The two sides of the choir sit facing one another. The choir members who sit on the left (north side) are called “cantoris” (the side where the “cantor” sits) and those on the right (south side) are called “decani” (the side where the deacon sits). In some large churches or cathedrals the seats for the priests tip up. The top of these seats, when they are tipped up, are called misericords (from the Latin word for “mercy”). This is because the priests or monks were able to lean against them when they got tired if they had to stand up for a long time.
Sometimes there are holes in the walls of the screen so that the congregation can see through. These are called squints. If there is a recess in the wall it is called an aumbry. It is a cupboard for communion wine and bread that have been consecrated by a priest.
The altar may be right at the east end of the church, but in larger churches or cathedrals it is often much farther forward. In that case the very east end is called an apse. Sometimes it is a separate chapel called the “Lady Chapel”.
Churches through the ages
The design of churches changed a lot during the course of history. Often churches were made bigger. When this happened there may be a mixture of architectural styles. These styles vary a lot in different countries.
English churches
In English churches there were several different periods of architecture:
The Saxon period (700–1050) was a time when churches were very simple. The end of the church (end of the sanctuary) was often rounded. Hardly any are left now because they were mostly made of wood.
The Norman period (1050–1190) came from the style called Romanesque which was popular in Europe. The arches had ornaments which were called “mouldings”. The tops of the pillars looked like cushions, so they were called “cushion capitals”. The windows were narrow and rounded at the top.
Early English or Gothic architecture (1190–1280) was not as solid and heavy as Norman architecture. Towers were elegant and tall, like the tower of Salisbury Cathedral.
The Decorated style of architecture (1280–1360)was popular at a time when the plague (Black Death) was raging and a third of the people in England died. For that reason, not so much building was done then. There were lots of stone carvings were made in churches at that time.
The Perpendicular style (1360–1540) was very grand. It had lots of straight upward lines and fan vaulting. This can be seen in Westminster Abbey and King's College Chapel, Cambridge. Many churches that can be seen in England were built in this period.
In the 1600s, churches were built in a variety of styles. Often they copied some of the older styles. After the Great Fire of London many new churches were built by the architect Sir Christopher Wren. They were built in the classical style. Churches continued to be built in later centuries like this, but also the Gothic style continued to be used.
Modern churches often do not have the traditional cross-shape. It is difficult for the congregation to see and hear what is happening in the chancel. Modern churches bring the congregation, choir and priests in closer touch. An example is the round design for the Church of Christ the Cornerstone in Milton Keynes. Modern churches are often simpler but with a warmer character than the Gothic churches. Many have beautiful mosaic glass windows. Coventry Cathedral is a famous example of a modern church building.
Related pages
Cathedral
Chapel
Choir (music)
References
Encyclopædia Britannica, 1973
Other websites
Virtual Church |
| 253 | 15720 | 60194 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagon | Hexagon | A hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides and 6 corners (vertices). Like regular triangles and squares, hexagons fit together without gaps, which are known as tesselations. They therefore are often used for tiling floors. They are also quite common in nature. The honeycombs in beehives are hexagons, for example.
Hexagons: in nature and by humankind
Related pages
Polygon
Triangle
Square
Pentagon
Heptagon
Octagon
Other websites
Definition and properties of a hexagon With interactive animation
Cassini Images Bizarre Hexagon on Saturn
Saturn's Strange Hexagon
A hexagonal feature around Saturn's North Pole
"Bizarre Hexagon Spotted on Saturn" - from Space.com (27 March 2007)
6 |
| 254 | 4638 | 14500 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane%20Rita | Hurricane Rita | Hurricane Rita was a powerful hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It hit the United States' Gulf Coast. At its peak intensity, it was a strong Category 5 storm with sustained winds of 175 miles per hour. It made landfall as a Category 3 storm, and caused more flooding in New Orleans, which already had weakened levees due to Hurricane Katrina. In addition, it caused large power outages.
Related pages
Hurricane Katrina
2005 Atlantic hurricane season
Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
Retired tropical cyclone names
Hurricanes in the United States
2005 in the Bahamas
2005 in Florida
2005 in Cuba
2000s in Louisiana
2005 in Texas
2005 in Mississippi
History of Arkansas
Hurricanes in Texas
Hurricanes in Louisiana
2005 in the United States
Disasters in the United States
September 2005 events |
| 255 | 7616 | 24823 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smell | Smell | The term smell may refer to one of the following articles:
Olfaction, the sense of smell, that is, the ability to perceive odors
Odor - the sensation perceived by the detection of certain chemical compounds by the sense of olfaction
Basic English 850 words |
| 256 | 24752 | 96972 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebula | Nebula | A nebula is an interstellar cloud of dust, hydrogen, helium and other ionized gases in a galaxy.
The Persian astronomer, Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, mentioned a true nebula for the first time in his book, Book of Fixed Stars (964). He said that there was a "little cloud" near the Andromeda galaxy.
Origin
A nebula is usually made up of hydrogen gas and plasma. It may be the first stage of a star's cycle, but it may also be one of the last stages.
Many nebulae or stars form from the gravitational collapse of gas in the interstellar medium or ISM. As the material contracts, massive stars may form in the center, and their ultraviolet radiation ionises the surrounding gas, making it visible at optical wavelengths.
The size of these nebulae, known as H II regions, varies depending on the size of the original cloud of gas. These are sites where star formation occurs. The formed stars are sometimes known as a young, loose cluster.
Some nebulae are formed as the result of supernova explosions, the death throes of massive, short-lived stars. The materials thrown off from the supernova explosion are ionized by the energy and the compact object that it can produce. One of the best examples of this is the Crab nebula, in Taurus. The supernova event was recorded in the year 1054 and is labelled SN 1054. The compact object that was created after the explosion lies in the center of the Crab Nebula and is a neutron star.
Other nebulae may form as planetary nebulae. This is the final stage of a low-mass star's life, like Earth's Sun. Stars with a mass up to 8-10 solar masses evolve into red giants and slowly lose their outer layers during pulsations in their atmospheres. When a star has lost enough material, its temperature increases and the ultraviolet radiation it emits can ionize the surrounding nebula that it has thrown off. The nebula is 97% Hydrogen and 3% Helium with trace materials.
In the past galaxies and star clusters were also called 'nebulae', but no longer. Nebulae can be sorted by what they look like and why we can see them.
Star-forming regions and diffuse nebulae
Large regions of ionised hydrogen gas are produced by star-forming regions. Nebulae are often star-forming regions, such as in the Orion complex. In these regions gravitation pulls together gas and dust. Material clumps together to form larger masses, which attract further matter. Eventually this become massive enough to form stars. The material left over may form planets and other planetary system objects.
Emission nebulae / H II regions
Emission nebulae make their own light. They are often called H II regions, because it is the ionized hydrogen which makes them glow. Usually the gases in an emission nebula are ionized. This makes them emit light and infra-red radiation.
Reflection nebulae
Reflection nebulae reflect light from nearby stars.
Dark nebulae
Dark nebulae do not emit light or reflect light. They block the light from stars that are far away.
Planetary nebulae
Planetary nebulae are quite common, because they are produced by red giant stars late in their lives. These stars usually become white dwarfs, leaving behind an expanding ball of ionized gas, which we see as a roughly circular bright nebula.
Supernova remnants
A supernova occurs when a high-mass star reaches the end of its life. When nuclear fusion in the core of the star stops, the star collapses and explodes . The expanding shell of gas forms a supernova remnant. The Crab nebula is a supernova remnant which probably exploded in 1054 AD. Light and X-ray emission from supernova remnants comes from ionized gas. There is a huge amount of radio emission called synchrotron emission. This emission originates from high-velocity electrons oscillating in magnetic fields.
References
Other websites |
| 257 | 186 | 359 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair | Hair | Hair is something that grows from the skin of mammals. Animal hair is usually called fur. Sheep and goats have curly hair, which is usually called wool. Hair is made of keratins, which are proteins.
Humans and some other animals have lost much of their hair through evolution, and some other mammals, such as the elephant and the whale, have almost none at all.
Functions of hair
Hair can have different functions:
It can protect against losing body heat. This is thought to be the basic, original function of hair.
It protects against UV radiation, which damages the skin.
It can protect against rain or water. Air can be trapped in the fur, or oil can be secreted by the skin. Both these methods prevent the rain or water from making the body too cold. Aquatic mammals in cold waters usually have blubber (fat) under the skin, and almost no hair.
Defence: hair is modified in mammals like porcupines, for protection.
Hair colouring can perform different functions. It helps to camouflage in some animals, and to signal to others of the same species in some other animals. Examples are: signalling to females for mating purposes and signalling to others for territory control. Signalling danger to other species (aposematic colouring) is also done by, for example, skunks.
Animals can change their hair so they look bigger, or more threatening. This can also be used for mating; which is the case with lions, for example. Also, the male lions' mane also protects their neck from damage when fighting other males.
False hair
Some animals, for example certain insects and spiders also have hairs. However, these are not hair in the biological sense, but are actually bristles. The hairs found on certain plants are also not true hair, but trichomes.
Human hair
In humans, hair grows mostly on the head, and the amount of body hair is different from race to race. Asians and native North Americans have the least amount of body hair, while Caucasians tend to have the most.
Hair color
Hair color is passed down by parents only. Natural hair color can be given only by genes. It is impossible to have a hair color that is not passed down genetically by both mother and father. This relies on dominant and recessive genes carried by a parent. These genes may not be the color of their hair, however, many people carry genes that are recessive and do not show in their traits or features.
Dyeing hair is to change the color of hair. It consists of a chemical mixture which can change the color of hair by a chemical reaction. Many people dye their hair to hide gray or white hairs. This is because most people gain white or gray hairs as they grow older.
Genetics and chemistry
Two types of melanin pigment give hair its color: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Pheomelanin colors hair red. Eumelanin determines the darkness of the hair color. A low concentration of brown eumelanin results in blond hair, but more brown eumelanin will color the hair brown. High amounts of black eumelanin result in black hair, while low concentrations give gray hair. All humans have some pheomelanin in their hair.
The genetics of hair colors are not yet firmly established. According to one theory, at least two gene pairs control human hair color.
One phenotype (brown/blond) has a dominant brown allele and a recessive blond allele. A person with a brown allele will have brown hair; a person with no brown alleles will be blond. This explains why two brown-haired parents can produce a blond-haired child.
The other gene pair is a non-red/red pair, where the not-red allele is dominant and the allele for red hair is recessive. A person with two copies of the red-haired allele will have red hair, but it will be either auburn or bright reddish orange depending on whether the first gene pair gives brown or blond hair, respectively.
The two-gene model does not account for all possible shades of brown, blond, or red (for example, platinum blond versus dark blonde/light brown), nor does it explain why hair color sometimes darkens as a person ages. Several other gene pairs control the light versus dark hair color in a cumulative effect (quantitative genetics).
Hair texture
Hair texture is also inherited genetically. The thickness of hair, its color and its tendency to curl are all inherited. There are also genetic differences between men and women. Body hair is limited in women, and thicker in men.
Hair loss
People have about 100,000 hairs on their head. About 100 fall out each day, but they usually grow back. Some men are bald but girls and women may become bald if they lose their hair from a disease called alopecia.
Men often lose some of their hair as they grow older. This is known as baldness. Doctors call it "male pattern baldness" because hairs often fall out in similar places. It often begins by hair falling out first from the front of the head, and then from the top of the head. After a while, all that may be left is a some hair running above the ears and around the lower back of the head. Even though it is unusual for women to go bald, many women suffer from thinning hair over the top of their head as they grow old.
People have tried to find cures for hair loss for thousands of years. In an effort to get their hair back, men have tried "cures" like applying strange lotions or even having their heads packed in chicken manure. Many unproven "cures" are still marketed today. It is only in the last decade or so that treatments have been developed which do sometimes work. Some doctors do hair transplants, where they take tiny plugs of hair from areas like the back of the neck and plant them in the bald spots on the head. Some drugs have been tested and approved for sale as hair loss treatments. They encourage hair regrowth and thickening, but work better if applied before hair loss turns to baldness.
History and culture
People have been interested in hair on their heads for hundreds of thousands of years. For both men and women, styling and long dark brown hair coloring hair have been ways to look good, and get attention. Sometimes society makes rules about hair, for example by not allowing people to cut their hair or beards, like in Sikhism (it is also good to do this in Islam, but not a requirement).<ref><long dark brown hair >
Notes
Basic English 850 words |
| 258 | 18400 | 69047 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Caine | Michael Caine | Sir Michael Caine CBE ; (born Maurice Joseph Micklewhite Jr., 14 March 1933) is an English actor, producer, and author. Known for his distinctive cockney accent, Caine has appeared in over 115 movies, and is regarded as a British movie icon.
His early role in Alfie (1966) earned him an Academy Award nomination. He also starred in The Italian Job (1969) and Battle of Britain (1969).
His roles in the 1970s included Get Carter (1971), The Last Valley (1971), Sleuth (1972), for which he earned his second Academy Award nomination, The Man Who Would Be King (1975) and A Bridge Too Far (1977).
In 1986, he received an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance in Woody Allen's Hannah and Her Sisters.
Caine played Ebenezer Scrooge in The Muppet Christmas Carol (1992). In 1999, he won a second Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for The Cider House Rules.
Caine played Nigel Powers, Austin Powers' father in the 2002 parody Austin Powers in Goldmember, and Alfred Pennyworth in Christopher Nolan's The Dark Knight Trilogy. He appeared in several other of Nolan's movies, including The Prestige (2006), Inception (2010) and Interstellar (2014).
He also appeared in Alfonso Cuarón's Children of Men and Matthew Vaughn's action comedy movie Kingsman: The Secret Service.
Caine is one of only two actors nominated for an Academy Award for acting in every decade from the 1960s to the 2000s, the other one being Jack Nicholson.
References
Other websites
The Official Michael Caine website
Michael Caine's Norfolk childhood
PLAY DIRTY/Caine Special on Location in Spain
Carfax Theatre Horsham Scene of Sir Michael's first professional acting role
1933 births
Living people
Actors from London
BAFTA Award winning actors
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
English movie actors
English stage actors
English television actors
English voice actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Military personnel of the Korean War
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Stage names |
| 259 | 13283 | 48780 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor%20League%20Baseball | Minor League Baseball | Minor League Baseball is a level of professional baseball in North America. It is made up a many different teams which play in many leagues and levels of ability. Minor league teams are used by Major League Baseball teams to have a place to put their players who they do not feel are good enough to play in the major league yet.
There are several different levels of ability in the minor leagues, these levels are (in order from lowest to highest):
Rookie League
Low-A
High-A
AA
AAA
When a normal player is first drafted or signed by a major league team, he is usually placed in "Rookie" League or short season A, however top prospects often start higher. If a player plays good in his league he can be "called up" to the next league. If a player does not play well he may be sent back down or cut from the team. This continues until a player gets to the major leagues, although most players never make it that far. This way, players are able to get better at baseball before having to play against tougher opponents. Almost all players in the major leagues had to play in the minor leagues first in order to become good enough to play in the major leagues. Most players spend between 4-5 years before being called up. However, really good players can be called up in less than a year, while some may take more than 10 years to reach the majors.
Sometimes, major league players who are have been hurt will play a few games in the minor leagues before playing in the major leagues again, in order to see if they feel good enough to start playing again.
There are also other professional baseball leagues that major league teams do not use to as a place put their players. These are known as "Independent Leagues". In these leagues players do not go to higher or lower levels of ability. Major league teams may hire these independent players to play for their major league team.
Minor league teams generally play in cities that are too small for major league teams. City size usually increases with league level.
Baseball |
| 260 | 18211 | 68353 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagianism | Pelagianism | Pelagianism is a theory named after Pelagius. It is the belief that people are not born with original sin and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without Divine aid. For this reason, Adam's sin was there to set a bad example for those that came after him; other than that it had no consequences. Jesus was there to set a good example (much like Adam's bad example) but also to pay the price for our sins. Pelagius believed that because people choose to sin, they are like criminals who need to be pardoned, not victims of an inherited sinful nature.
Pelagianism was condemned as heresy at the Council of Ephesus in 431 AD. However, some people believe that Pelagius was simply misunderstood. Today there are no known Pelagians, but there are people who follow Celtic Christianity tradition, which respects Pelagius as a good example of Celtic Christian.
Related pages
Fall of Man
Other websites
Canons From The Council Of Carthage Against Pelagianism, May 1, 418
CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pelagius and Pelagianism
Pelagians, Donatists, Monks, Anabaptists and other Perfectionists - a sympathetic look at Pelagianism and similar 'perfectionist' movements
Pelagius Library: Online site dedicated to the study of Pelagius
Pelagianism: The Religion of Natural Man - a critical look at Pelagianism
Ancient Christianity |
| 261 | 12067 | 44418 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign%20of%20the%20cross | Sign of the cross | The sign of the cross is a physical gesture made by Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and sometimes also Protestants. It is usually done at the start and end of prayers.
In the Catholic tradition, the right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, and then to the left and right shoulders (the order of shoulders does not matter). This is sometimes done while saying "Father, Son, Holy Spirit."
In the Orthodox tradition, the tips of the thumb and the middle and index fingers are put together, and the ring finger and little finger are put against the palm. The first three fingers are for faith in the Trinity, and the other two fingers are for the two natures of Jesus, divine and human.
Other websites
Why Do Lutherans Make the Sign of the Cross? - from the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America website
The Power of the Sign of the Cross - (Ukrainian church)
The Sign of the Cross - a Catholic perspective
Significance of the Sign of the Cross
References
Non-verbal communication
Christian symbols |
| 262 | 1876 | 6281 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative | Comparative | Adjectives and Adverbs can be comparative in English and some other languages. When people are talking about two or more nouns, they can compare them (say the differences between them). The word which explains how they compare is called the comparative. They can also compare actions using adverbs.
Examples: (The comparative is in bold).
John is tall, but Mark is taller
An hour is longer than a minute.
Many words can be made into a comparative by adding er to the end of the word.
cool - cooler
big - bigger
wet - wetter
dark - darker
Words that end with the letter 'Y' can still be made into a comparative, but people change the 'Y' to an 'I' and then add 'ER'.
happy - happier
fluffy - fluffier
angry - angrier
costly - costlier
Some words cannot be made into a comparative by adding 'ER' Instead we use the word more in front. Most of these words have three or more syllables, such as beautiful, reliable.
If people are not sure about a word, it is always acceptable to say "more" (something), such as "more beautiful", "more expensive".
Warning: The 'ER' ending and the word "more" together cannot be used.
I am happier than you. - Correct.
I am more happy than you. - Correct.
I am more happier - WRONG. (Double comparative)
Related pages
As
Like
Grammar |
| 263 | 3547 | 10656 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionne%20Quintuplets | Dionne Quintuplets | The Dionne Quintuplets were the first quintuplets (five babies born at the same time from the same mother) to survive after being born. They were born in Ontario, Canada on May 28, 1934 to Elzire and Oliva Dionne. They were:
Annette
Cecile
Emilie (died on August 6, 1954 from an epilepsy seizure)
Marie (died on February 27, 1970 from a blood clot in the brain)
Yvonne (died on June 23, 2001 from cancer)
The babies were delivered by Dr. Allan Roy Dafoe, who later was given custody of the girls by the Canadian government and the Ontario government housed them in a special theme park-like area, just across the street from the house their parents and 6 other siblings lived in. At one time 6,000 people visited Quintland each day to see the sisters, they also had dolls made out of them, and appeared in commercials for products like corn syrup and Quaker oats like oatmeal. Then in 1943, the girls' father, Oliva, finally got custody of them again and the girls moved back to live with their real family. Dr. Dafone died soon after that. The girls later claimed their father abused them. In 1998 the surviving sisters sued the government of Ontario for being exploited as kids and were rewarded 4 million Canadian dollars.
1934 births
People from Ontario |
| 264 | 20221 | 77662 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%20Sulaymaniyah%20Province | As Sulaymaniyah Province | As Sulaymaniyah (, ) is a province in the east of Iraq. The capital is Sulaymaniyah. The area is . Almost 1,800,000 people live there.
Provinces of Iraq |
| 265 | 16775 | 63999 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieran%20Richardson | Kieran Richardson | Kieran Richardson (born 21 October 1984) is an English football player. He plays for Sunderland, a team in the Premier League in England.
Club career statistics
|-
|2002/03||rowspan="3"|Manchester United||rowspan="3"|Premier League||2||0
|-
|2003/04||0||0
|-
|2004/05||2||0
|-
|2004/05||West Bromwich Albion||Premier League||12||3
|-
|2005/06||rowspan="2"|Manchester United||rowspan="2"|Premier League||22||1
|-
|2006/07||15||1
|-
|2007/08||rowspan="3"|Sunderland||rowspan="3"|Premier League||17||3
|-
|2008/09||32||4
|-
|2009/10||||
102||12
102||12
|}
International career statistics
|-
|2005||4||2
|-
|2006||4||0
|-
!Total||8||2
|}
References
1984 births
Living people
English footballers
Sportspeople from London
Premier League players |
| 266 | 21906 | 83479 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planform | Planform | In design planform or plan view is a vertical orthographic projection of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map.
In aviation, a planform is the shape and layout of an airplane's wing. Of all the myriad planforms used, they can typically be grouped into those used for low-speed flight, found on general aviation aircraft, and those used for
high-speed flight, found on many military aircraft and airliners.
Gallery
Related pages
Wing
Engineering
Aviation |
| 267 | 1565 | 5409 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth%20%28disambiguation%29 | Plymouth (disambiguation) | Plymouth is the name of various places:
Plymouth, Devon, an English city and the first to bear the name
Places in the United States named after Plymouth, England.
Plymouth, Connecticut
Plymouth, Illinois
Plymouth, Indiana
Plymouth, Iowa
Plymouth, Massachusetts, the first city in New England
Plymouth, Michigan
Plymouth, Minnesota
Plymouth, New Hampshire
Plymouth, New York
Plymouth, North Carolina
Plymouth, Ohio
Plymouth, Pennsylvania
Plymouth, Washington
Plymouth, Wisconsin
Plymouth Township, Luzerne County, Pennsylvania
Plymouth Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania
Plymouth Township, Michigan
Plymouth, Montserrat - destroyed Montserrat capital
New Plymouth, New Zealand
New Plymouth, Idaho, United States of America
Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Other meanings of the word Plymouth are:
Plymouth Argyle F.C. - soccer football club from Plymouth, England.
Plymouth (automobile)
Plymouth Brethren - a religious group
Plymouth Colony
Plymouth County
Plymouth Gin
Plymouth Locomotive Works
Plymouth is a made-for-TV movie about a Moon base |
| 268 | 1207 | 4473 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Marx | Karl Marx | Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 in Trier – 14 March 1883 in London) was a German political thinker who wrote about economics and politics. Marx thought that if a place that works together runs on wage-labor, then there would always be class struggle. Marx thought that this class struggle would result in workers taking power. He believed that no economic class—wage workers, land owners, etc. should have power over another. Marx believed that everyone should contribute what they can, and everyone should get what they need. His most famous book was the Communist Manifesto. He wrote it with Friedrich Engels in 1848. The book is about the ideas and aims of communism. His ideas are called Marxism.
Works
Das Kapital
His most important work is Das Kapital, or The Capital. It is commonly known in English as simply 'Capital.' He spent many years working on the three parts of the book. Das Kapital describes how "capitalism" works and the problems this creates, such as division of labour, alienation and exploitation. The book has led to many arguments between those who agree with the book and those who do not. Marx's ideas have been thought of as responsible for socialist revolutions (like the Russian Revolution).
Historical materialism
Marx's most popular theory was 'historical materialism', arguing that history is the result of material conditions, rather than ideas. He believed that religion, morality, social structures and other things are all rooted in economics. In his later life he was more tolerant of religion.
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
Marx also wrote the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, a critique of political economy in which he discusses topics such as labor wages, labor rent, and capital profit, and his ideas of how to change the economy, including proletarian socialist revolution and an eventual communist society.
Biography
Karl Marx was born in Trier in 1818, but he had to move many times because the government did not like his ideas. Marx lived for a long time in London. He died there in 1883. After he died, his friend Engels finished many of his works.
Many people continue to follow and develop Marx's ideas.
Related pages
Factors of production
Political economy
Marxism
Friedrich Engels
References
Biographies
Friedrich Engels' Biography of Marx
Franz Mehring's Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
Vladimir Lenin's Karl Marx Biography
Francis Wheen's Karl Marx: A Life
Karl Korsch's Karl Marx Biography
Maximilien Rubel's Marx, life and works
Articles and entries
Dead Sociologists - Karl Marx
Ernest Mandel, Karl Marx (New Palgrave article)
Marx on India and the Colonial Question from anti-caste
Portraits of Karl Marx
The Karl Marx Museum
Marxmyths.org - Various essays on misinterpretations of Marx
Paul Dorn, The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
Why Marx is the Man of the Moment
Other websites
Bibliography and online texts
Marx and Engels Internet Archive
Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (1843)
On the Jewish Question (1843)
Notes on James Mill (1844)
Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (1844)
Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
The German Ideology [with Engels] (1845-46)
The Poverty of Philosophy (1846-47)
Wage-Labour and Capital (1847)
Manifesto of the Communist Party [with Engels] (1847-48)
Free audiobook from LibriVox (Also available in German)
The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)
Grundrisse (1857-58)
A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)
Writings on the U.S. Civil War [with Engels; compiled] (1861)
Theories of Surplus Value, 3 volumes (1862)
Value, Price and Profit (1865)
Capital vol. 1 (1867)
The Civil War in France (1871)
Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875)
Notes on Wagner (1883)
Capital, vol. 2 [posthumously, by Engels] (1893)
Capital, vol. 3 [posthumously, by Engels] (1894)
Letters [with Engels; compiled] (1833-95)
Ethnological Notebooks — (1879-80)
"The Reality Behind Commodity Fetishism" (in English) at Sic et Non (in German)
Libertarian Communist Library Karl Marx Archive
Karl Marx Biography
Works by Karl Marx at Zeno.org
1818 births
1883 deaths
19th-century German philosophers
Former Christians
German atheists
German communists
German economists
German historians
German sociologists
Infectious disease deaths in London
Jewish atheists
Jewish German scientists
Jewish German writers
Jewish philosophers
Marxism
People from Rhineland-Palatinate |
| 269 | 8623 | 29217 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoptolemus | Neoptolemus | Neoptolemos (or Latin Neoptolemus) is a person in Greek mythology. He is an important person in the Trojan War.
Neoptolemus was the son of Achilles and Deidamea. He was needed to win the Trojan War. He killed King Priam and Astyanax, sacrificed Polyxena to his dead father Achilles, and took Helenus and Andromache with him as slaves.
He was later killed by Orestes because he was going to marry Hermione, who Orestes wanted for himself.
People in Greek mythology |
| 270 | 13755 | 50896 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling%20Act | Enabling Act | The Enabling Act (Ermächtigungsgesetz in German) was passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on 23 March 1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. The Act enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag.
The formal name of the Enabling Act was Gesetz zur Behebung der Not von Volk und Reich ("Law to Remedy the Distress of the People and the Empire").
Enabling Act text
As with most of the laws passed in the process of Gleichschaltung, the Enabling Act is quite short, considering its consequences. It is therefore reproduced in full in German and English:
Notes
The Enabling Act was passed by the Reichstag on March 23 and proclaimed by the government the following day. Following constitutional procedure for legislation, the law was countersigned by President von Hindenburg, Chancellor Hitler, Minister of Interior Frick, Foreign Minister von Neurath, and Minister of Finance von Krosigk.
Passage of the Enabling Act
The Nazis wrote the Enabling act to gain complete political power without the need of the support of a majority in the Reichstag and without the need to bargain with their coalition partners.
Propaganda
Within 24 hours of being appointed chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, Hitler skillfully influenced the outcome by propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels who wrote:
Now it will be easy to carry on the fight, for we can call on all the resources of the State. Radio and press are at our disposal. We shall stage a masterpiece of propaganda.
In the days leading up to the elections, the Nazis organized street violence to intimidate the opposition and to build fear of communism. The burning of the Reichstag six days before the election was the pivotal event of the campaign.
Violence
Later that day, the Reichstag assembled under intimidating circumstances, with SA men swarming inside and outside the chamber. Hitler's speech emphasised the importance of Christianity in German culture. This was aimed particularly at appeasing the formerly allied Catholic Centre Party. It partly incorporated the guarantees requested by party chairman Ludwig Kaas.
All parties except the SPD voted in favour of the Enabling Act. With the Communist delegates removed and 26 of the SPD deputies arrested or in hiding, the final vote was 441 supporting the Enabling Act to 94 (all Social Democrats) opposed.
Consequences
The Communist Party deputies – and a few Social Democratic deputies as well – were already jailed, and the Communist mandates were declared "dormant" by the government shortly after the elections. The remaining free members of parliament were intimidated by the SA surrounding the parliament hall. In the end, only the Social Democrats voted against the bill.
The British tabloid Daily Express described the Jewish reactions of boycott against Germany as "Judea Declares War on Germany" (March 25, 1933).
Presidential consequences
President von Hindenburg seemed to be pleased with Hitler's firm hand. During the cabinet conference on the Enabling Act, von Hindenburg's representative stated that the aged president was withdrawing from day-to-day affairs of government and that presidential collaboration on the laws decreed as a result of the Enabling Act would not be required.
Related pages
Enabling act (General)
References
Legislation
Nazi Germany
20th century in law
1933
March events
1930s in Germany |
| 271 | 17623 | 66579 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus%20Mountains | Caucasus Mountains | The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range in Eurasia. They are in the Caucasus region between the Black Sea in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east. The Greater Caucasus divide Europe from Asia. The Lesser Caucasus are south of there.
Related pages
Languages of the Caucasus
Mountain ranges |
| 272 | 9058 | 30991 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20reactor | Nuclear reactor | A nuclear reactor is a machine that uses fission to generate heat. There are different designs which use different fuels. Most often, uranium-235 or plutonium-239 are the main components of these fuels.
Most nuclear reactors are used to make electricity. In nuclear power plants heat from the fission reactions in the reactor changes water into steam. The steam is then used to power electric turbines which make electricity. As with other steam engines, the turbines take energy from the movement of the steam.
Some reactors are used for other purposes. Some reactors make neutrons for science research and others make radioactive isotopes. Some universities have small nuclear reactors to teach students how reactors work.
The first nuclear reactor was built in 1942 by a team of scientists led by Enrico Fermi. This was a part of the Manhattan Project which needed the fuel from the reactor to make the atomic bomb. The first nuclear reactor to make electricity was a small experimental reactor built in Idaho in 1951. It made just enough electricity for four light globes.
Nuclear reactors are expensive to build because of the many safety features they need to have. There is also a problem with the huge amount of radioactive waste from the reactors. However they produce electricity cheaply, and do not pollute the air. There have been serious accidents at several nuclear reactors: Windscale (UK) 1957, Mayak (USSR) 1957, Three Mile Island (USA) 1979, Chernobyl (USSR) 1986 and Fukushima (Japan) 2011. Concerns about safety have limited the growth of nuclear power. There are about 437 reactors around the world which provide about 5% of the world's electricity.
References
Other websites
Images for nuclear reactors
Nuclear Power Reactors
Recent videos for nuclear reactors
Nuclear energy |
| 273 | 20628 | 79355 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admontite | Admontite | Admontite is a mineral that is colorless in color and is made of crystals. It is named for Admont, Austria, which is where they found the first example of it. They found the first example of it in a gypsum deposit. Gypsum and calcite both easily scratch this mineral, and it easily breaks as well. Admontite is not radioactive. Admontite is not edible.
References
Minerals |
